Britain- Migration, Empires and the People c790-Present Day: Expansion in Africa Flashcards
In 1870, around __ % of Africa was controlled by European countries. By ____, European nations controlled over __ % of Africa.
- 10
- 1900
- 90
List 4 reasons European countries were so interested in Africa:
- Africa was rich in natural resources
- They could sell their goods to African inhabitants
- It was an era of ‘empire building’: ‘Scramble for Africa’
- Christian missionaries felt obliged to convert people to Christianity- enlighten the ‘dark continent
What made it possible for Europeans to explore (and conquer) Africa by 1870?
The invention of treatments to combat diseases found in Africa.
Which countries predominantly began to ‘claim’ land in Africa during the late 1870’s?
. Britain
. France
. Germany
. Portugal
. Italy
. Spain
. Belgium
How did they attempt to prevent war between European powers from war in 1884-85?
The leaders held a conference in Berlin, Germany to decide which nations could take which areas.
What did the European powers fail to consider?
The wishes or needs of Africans- disregarding the differences in language, culture/ traditions, and race.
How many areas of land did Britain take over?
16
How much % of Adrica did Britain control by 1900?
32%
Britain’s land ran almost in an unbroken line from ______ in the North, to South _______. Some other lands included _______, Nigeria, Kenya, and Northern and Southern _________ (now Zimbabwe and Zambia).
- Egypt
- Africa
- Sudan
- Rhodesia
Despite the African peoples’ effort to fight, what invention gave the Europeans a major advantage?
The Maxim gun
Name an example of a major victory Africans won over a European country:
The Anglo-Zulu War of 1879
List 4 ways Africans suffered after defeat:
. Hunger
. Destruction of traditions
. Exploited- forced to work as cheap labour in mines
. Made to work on Britsh-owned farms growing cash crops
,.
Who were the Boers?
Descendants of Dutch settlers- mostly farmers in southern Africa.
What was the name of the Boers colony?
Cape Colony
In ____, the British invaded and it became part of the British Empire. The Boers left ____ Colony, headed up _____, and set up two new colonies- the ________ and the _______ Free State.
- 1806
- Cape
- north
- Transvaal
- Orange
How long did the First Boer War last?
1867- 1881
How did the First Boer War begin?
In 1867, after diamonds were discovered in the new Boer states, Britain tried to get the Boers to unite their states with the British ones. The Boers refused.
Why did Cecil Rhodes sponsor a plan to overthrow the Boer leader (Paul Kruger) and replace him?
After discovering gold in the Boer states (in 1886), Rhodes opened mins inside British territory. Kruger refused to give the British workers and political rights.
How were relations between the British and Boers after Rhodes sponsored a plan to overthrow the Boer leader?
Very tense, in fact, the British placed more troops along the border with the Boer states.
When did the Second Boer War begin and how long did it last?
1899-1902
List 5 ways in which the Boers won small victories early in the war:
- Armed with modern guns
- Skilled fighters- guerilla tactics
- Mobile on horseback
- ‘Lived of the land’
- Helped by some black farmers
How did the British respond to their loses in 1900?
They sent half a million troops to fight approximately 50,000 Boer soldiers.
Despite the British having high-tech ______, the Boers refused to surrender and carried out dozens of small _____ on British camps, _______, and mines. The British responded savagely.
- weaponry
- raids
- railways
Who was the British commander during the Second Boer War?
General Kitchener
What did Kitchener decide was the only way to get the Boers to surrender?
The Scorched Earth Policy
What was the Scorched Earth Policy?
British soldiers were instructed to burn down Boer settlements, kill the animals, destroy crops, and poison drinking wells.
How many Boers were put into concentration camps?
116,000
How many Boers died in these concentration camps?
28,000
How many black civilians were put into black concentration camps?
130,000
How many black civilians died in these black concentration camps?
20,000
By ____, both sides were tired and the Boers _________. It was agreed that Boer states would become British ______, but the Boers could make any key decisions.
- 1902
- surrendered
- colonies
In 1910, the Boer states joined with _____ ______ and _____ to form the ______ of _____ Africa (part of the British Empire)
- Cape Colony
- Natal
- Union
- South
Rather than a colony, what was South Africa classed as? What did this mean?
It was classed as a dominion, which meant it ran its own affairs.
Name 4 consequences Britain faced because of the Boer War.
- Initially supported as Britain’s largest 20th-century war but this was short-lived
- Nearly 6,000/ 450,000 British soldiers died in battle
- Over 1/3 of British army volunteers were physically unfit for military service
What measures did the British government introduce once realising most volunteers were unfit for military service?
. Free meals and medical checks in some schools
. Increase in the study of nutrition, food, and child development
. Unemployment benefit or the ‘dole’
. Sickness pay
. Old age pensions
What is imperial propaganda?
A government’s attempt to spread a set of ideas and beliefs about empire and conquest.
What was spread in relation to the empire to keep public opinions of it and conquering land high?
Jingoism
What is jingoism?
The feeling or belief that a person’s country is always right: in favour of aggressive acts against other countries.
