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Neurology > brain tumours and head injury > Flashcards

brain tumours and head injury Flashcards

1
Q

symptoms of brain tumour?

A

headaches
vomiting
mental changes
seizures

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2
Q

headache that wakes someone up

A

red flag

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3
Q

Invstigations for brain tumour

A 
CT 
MRI
LP 
PET 
Lesion biopsy 
EEG
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4
Q

which type of cancer commonly metastasises to the brain/

A

lung

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5
Q

how are they graded?

A

WHO grading system

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6
Q

grade 1 astrocytoma - malignant?

A

benign

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7
Q

how to low grade astrocytomas present?

A

seizures

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8
Q

low grade astrocytomas, are they dangerous?

A

they are not benign

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9
Q

grade 2 astrocytoma treatment?

A

radio and chemo

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10
Q

what do grade 2 astrocytomas become?

A

glioblastoma (G2G)

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11
Q

most common primary brain tumour?

A

glioblastoma

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12
Q

In head trauma you get release of?

A

excitatory amino acids (glutamate and aspartate)

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13
Q

which receptors do glutamate and aspartate bind to?

A

NMDA

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14
Q

get release of intracellular ___ after head trauma?

A

calcium. Release of intracellular calcium, activation of phospholipases, breakdown of cell membrane, cell swelling, activation of apoptosis.

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15
Q

aim for cerebral perfusion pressure of what after head injury?

A

60mmHg

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16
Q

In base of skull fracture, you get what signs in anterior cranial fossa fracture?

A

panda/racoon eyes

17
Q

middle cranial fossa fracture?

A

battle sign over mastoid

18
Q

Eyes pneumonic for Glasgow Coma Scale

A
  1. (E)yes Closed
  2. (Y) shaped sharp pricking object (responds to pain)
  3. (E)ar piercing noise (responds to voice)
  4. (S)pontaneous (opens eyes spontaneously)
19
Q

Voice pneumonic for glasgow coma scale

A 
Voiceless - 1 
OOOh -- obscure incoherent sounds - 2
Inappropriate words - 3
Confused and Disorientated - 4
Elegant speech and orientated - 5
20
Q

Pain - glasgow coma scale neumonic?

A

old ben

  1. obeys commands
  2. localises to pain
  3. draw away
  4. bend/flexion (decorticate posture by pain)
  5. extension (decerebrate posture by pain)
  6. no motor response (motionless)
21
Q

minimum score you can get on GCS?

A

3

22
Q

a coma equates to a GCS score of ?

A

8 or less

23
Q

what can’t a patient do in a coma ?

A

does not open eyes, does not obey commands, does not speak

24
Q

when should you request a CT scan?

A

any patient with a skull fracture
or not orientated
focal neurological signs
taking anti coagulants

25
Q

why sedate in head injury?

A

reduces metabolic rate
reduces cerebral blood flow
reduces ICP

26
Q

what does mannitol do?

A

improves Microperfusion

27
Q

what are the late effects of head injury?

A

epilepsy, CSF leak and cognitive problems

Neurology (19 decks)

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