BRAIN TRAUMA / ND DISEASE / AMNESIA / ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA / EXAMPLES

Question 1

DEFINITION: BRAIN TRAUMA

• Brain surgery
• A major medical event
• Can correct physical abnormalities in the brain
• If NOT performed correctly, the side effect is POCD
• POCD: Post-operative cognitive decline

Answer 1

• A type of brain injury
• caused by EXTERNAL force or an ALTERED state of consciousness
• Disease, malnutrition, head injury

Question 2

DEFINITION: NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE

Answer 2

• A disease
• Characterized by a progressive/gradual decline in the structure, activity, and function of brain tissue
• EXAMPLE: Alzheimer’s disease

Question 3

DEFINITION: AMNESIA

Answer 3

• Loss of memory (Partially or complete)
• Can be either temporary or permanent
• Brain TRAUMA usually results in AMNESIA

Question 4

DEFINITION: ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA

• EXAMPLE: Car accident
• Receives a head injury
• Only remember information/events prior the car accident
• Unable to remember or form new memories after the car accident

Answer 4

• Brain damage causes the inability to form new LT Explicit memories
• Damage to the hippocampus
• Events/information prior to the damage will still remain

Question 5

CASE STUDIES

• H.M CASE STUDY
• CLIVE WEARING
• He has no recollection of having received a musical education
• Inability to control his emotions (Damage to his frontal lobe)

Answer 5

H.M CASE STUDY
- Couldn’t form new memories
- Anterograde amnesia
- Medial temporal lobe of each hemisphere was removed to reduce the severity of seizures (epilepsy)
CLIVE WEARING
- Musician
- Anterograde amnesia
- Retrograde amnesia
- Unable to store new memories
- Unable to control and associate memories as well
- procedural memory was not damaged by the virus. He can still recall how to play the piano.

Question 6

DEFINITION: RETROGRADE AMNESIA

Answer 6

• The loss of memory

- Unable to recall events that happened prior to the injury.