Brain And Cranial Nerves

Question 1

Diencephalon 3 regions

Answer 1

• Epithalamus
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus

Question 2

Epithalamus

Answer 2

-anterior boundary marked by anterior commissure
(Decussion of cerebral hemisphere)

-Roof of Diencephalon
•Superior to the third ventricle
•Anterior portion contains area of choroid plexus

Question 3

Pineal gland

Answer 3

-Lies in posterior, inferior portion of Epithalamus

-Endocrine structure that secretes melatonin
•important hormone in regulation of day-night cycles and reproductive functions

Question 4

Thalamus

Answer 4

• Paired structure forms the walls of the third ventricle
• Final relay point for ascending sensory information that will be projected to the cerebral cortex
• Act as a filter, passing only small portion of arriving sensory information
• Each thalamic region contains nuclei that connect to specific regions of cerebral cortex

Question 5

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Answer 5

• Receives visual information over the optic tract
• Sends signals to midbrain and occipital lobe (visual cortex)
• Filters our unnecessary visual stimuli

Question 6

Medial geniculate nucleus

Answer 6

• Relays auditory information from Specialized receptors of the inner ear to auditory area in cerebral cortex (auditory cortex)
• Filters our unnecessary auditory stimuli

Question 7

Hypothalamus

Answer 7

-The floor of the third ventricle

-A critically important control and integration center
•Monitors several types of sensory input:
1) Visceral sensory information
2) Changes in the composition of the CSF and interstitial fluid.
3)Chemicals in the circulating blood
•Blood rapidly enters the hypothalamus, since region lacks of complete blood-brain barrier

Question 8

Hypothalamus Functions

Answer 8

• Control cardiovascular and respiratory centers of the Medulla oblongata and pons
• Regulates body temperature
• Secrete hormones that control secretions of the pituitary gland
• Controls hunger thirst
• Subconscious Control of motor patterns associated with rage, pleasure, sexual arousal, feeding

Question 9

Infundibulum

Answer 9

• Hypothalamic structures
• Narrow stalk extending inferiorly from the hypothalamus
• Connects the floor of the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

Question 10

Mammillary bodies

Answer 10

• Hypothalamic structures

- Control feeding reflexes such as licking and swallowing

Question 11

Arbor vitae “tree of life”

Answer 11

• branching array of white matter (myelinated axons) of cerebellum
• Axons carry information to/from cerebral neurons and other portions of the CNS

Question 12

Cerebellar peduncles

Answer 12

• Collections of tracts

- Link the cerebellum with the brain stem, Cerebrum, and spinal cord

Question 13

Cerebellum two primary functions

Answer 13

1)Adjusting the postural muscles of the body
•Coordinates proprioceptor sensory information and motor activity that support posture

2)Programming and fine-tuning movements
•Compares motor commands for learned movement patterns (muscle memory) with perception of muscle and joint position
•Makes necessary adjustments so action matches intent

Question 14

Ataxia

Answer 14

• Damage to Cerebellum that can cause disturbance in muscular coordination
• Severe ataxia, individual cannot sit or stand without assistance

-Can result from:
•Permanent damage by trauma or stroke
•Temporary damage by drugs, such as alcohol

Question 15

Cerebrum

Answer 15

-Largest region of the brain
•Highly developed in primates
-Divided into five lobes on each side:
•Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Insula (only visible from midsaggital)

Question 16

Gyri and Sulci

Answer 16

-bulges and grooves in surface

Question 17

Central sulcus

Answer 17

-Deep sulcus dividing frontal lobe from Parietal lobe

Question 18

Precentral gyrus

Answer 18

-Anterior to the central sulcus
-Contains primary motor cortex
•Controls voluntary movements

Question 19

Postcentral gyrus

Answer 19

-Posterior to the central sulcus
-Contains primary sensory cortex
•Receives sensory information we are aware of

Question 20

Lateral sulcus

Answer 20

• Nearly horizontal

- Separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe

Question 21

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Answer 21

• Visible on medial surface

- Separates The Parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

Question 22

Decussation & Corpus callosum

Answer 22

• Decussation: occurs in brain stem and spinal cord

- Corpus callosum: is one prominent place where decussation occurs between the hemispheres

Question 23

How many cranial nerves are there?

Answer 23

12 pairs

Question 24

Name Cranial nerves in order

Answer 24

1) Olfactory Nerve
2) Optic Nerve
3) Oculomotor Nerve
4) Trochlear Nerve
5) Trigeminal Nerve
6) Abducens Nerve
7) Facial Nerve
8) Vestibulocochlear Nerve
9) Glossopharyngeal Nerve
10) Vagus Nerve
11) Accessory Nerve
12) Hypoglossal Nerve

Question 25

1) Olfactory Nerve

Answer 25

• Function: sensory (smell) only
• Origin: olfactory epithelium

-Destination: olfactory bulbs
•Axons pass through olfactory foramina of cribriform plate (ethmoid)

Question 26

2) Optic Nerve

Answer 26

• Function: sensory (vision) only
• Origin: retina
• Destination: Diencephalon, via optic canal (sphenoid) then to occipital lobe

Question 27

3) Oculomotor Nerve

Answer 27

-Functions: Controls extra-ocular eye muscles
•motor function only

-Destination: extra-ocular eye muscles
•Superior, inferior, and medial rectus
•Inferior oblique
•Levator palpebrae superioris

Question 28

4) Trochlear Nerve

Answer 28

-Function: controls extra-ocular eye muscles
•Motor Function

-Destination: Superior oblique muscle

Question 29

5) Trigeminal Nerve

Answer 29

-Function:
• Mixed (sensory and motor) function
•Opthalmic (sensory): sensations from the forehead, eyelids, and nose
•Maxillary (sensory): sensations from lower eyelid, upper lip, and cheek
•Mandibular (motor): controls muscles of mastication

Question 30

6) Abducens Nerve

Answer 30

-Function: controls eye movements
•Motor Function

-Destination: Innervates the Lateral rectus eye muscle

Question 31

7) Facial Nerve

Answer 31

-Function: Mixed (sensory and motor)
•Sensory: sensations from the face/ taste
•Motor: controls muscles of the face

-Sensory Origin:
•taste buds

-Motor Destination:
•Somatic motor: muscles of facial expression
•Visceral Motor: lacrimal glands, nasal mucous glands, submandibular/submaxillary salivary glands, middle ear

Question 32

8) Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Answer 32

-Function:
•sensory: balance and hearing

-Origin: receptors of the vestibule and cochlea
•Vestibular branch: balance
•Cochlear branch: hearing

Question 33

9) Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Answer 33

-Function: mixed (sensory & Motor)
•Sensory Function: tongue pain, blood pressure, dissolved gasses
•Motor Function: Involuntary muscles of swallowing

-Sensory Origin:
•Sensory: posterior 1/3 of the tongue, carotid sinus (blood pressure, dissolved gasses)

-Motor Destination:
•Visceral Motor: parotid salivary gland
•Somatic motor: pharyngeal muscles for swallowing

Question 34

10) Vagus Nerve

Answer 34

-Function:
•Sensory: information from organs
•Motor: sends information to the organs

-Sensory Origin:
•Sensory: from the visceral organs (to autonomic centersof Medulla Oblongata)

-Motor Destination:
•Visceral Motor: respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive organs

Question 35

11) Accessory Nerve

Answer 35

-Function:
•Motor only

-Destination:
  •Sternocleidomastoid
  •Trapezius
  •Pharynx (voluntary muscles of swallowing)
  •Vocal cords

Question 36

12) Hypoglossal Nerve

Answer 36

-Function:

•Motor: controls tongue movement