Bony Anatomy

Question 1

Nasion

Answer 1

The suture between frontal and nasal bones

Question 2

Bregma

Answer 2

Located at the vertex of the skull.

The point at which the sagittal suture meets the coronal suture

Question 3

Pterion

Answer 3

Lateral skull

The point at which the greater wing of the sphenoid, squamous temporal, frontal and parietal bones meet.

Question 4

Asterion

Answer 4

Located posterolaterally

The point at which the parietomastoid, occipitomastoid and lamboid sutures meet.

Question 5

Opisthion

Answer 5

The name given to the posterior of the foramen magnum in the midline

Question 6

Inion

Answer 6

AKA occipital protuberance

Corresponds to the confluence of the venous sinuses on the internal surface

Question 7

Answer 7

Question 8

What are the 8 bones of the cranium

Answer 8

Medial:

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital

Bilateral:

Temporal, parietal

Question 9

Division of the cranium

Answer 9

Vault and base

Question 10

Answer 10

Question 11

Kocher’s point

Answer 11

11cm posterior to the nasion, 3cm lateral to the midline

Question 12

Frazier’s point

Answer 12

6cm above inion, 3cm lateral to the midline

Question 13

Surface markings of the transverse sinus?

Answer 13

Horizontal line drawn from the inion

Question 14

Surface marking of the sigmoid sinus

Answer 14

Vertical line from the tip of the mastoid and passing through the mastoid (digastric) groove

Question 15

Six standard segments for vertebra

Answer 15

Body

Pedicles

Lamina

Spinous process

Facet/articular process

Transverse process

Question 16

Features of vertebral pedicles

Answer 16

2 pedicles extending from the vertebral body

Serve as attachments for articular facets, transverse processes, laminae

The superior and inferior borders of the pedicles serve as the margins for the intervertebral foramina

Question 17

What makes up the posterior arch of the SC?

Answer 17

Laminae

Question 18

Special features of C1

Answer 18

Lacks a vertebral body

Possesses two lateral masses which articulate with the occipital condyles superiorly and C2 inferiorly

Anterior arch and two posterior arches enclose the spinal canal.

The anterior arch of C1 articulates with the odontoid process of C2 in the midline

Question 19

What is found on the anterior surface of the anterior arch?

Answer 19

Possesses an anterior tubercle which serves as a point of attachment for the longus colli muscle

Question 20

What is found on the posterior surface of the posterior arch?

Answer 20

Posterior tubercle which serves as a point of attachment for the rectus capitis posterior minor

Question 21

Special features of C2

Answer 21

Characterised by the odontoid process

Question 22

What is unique about the C6 vertebra?

Answer 22

Possesses a tubercle at the anterior aspect of its transverse process called the carotid tubercle which denotes the entry of the vertebral artery

Question 23

Transverse foramen of C7

Answer 23

Smaller or absent

Contains the vertebral vein

Question 24

Transverse ligament

Answer 24

Short ligament attached laterally to the transverse tubercle of C1

Runs posterior to the dens and thus has a concave trajectory

Question 25

What are the two bands of ligaments at the level of C1?

Answer 25

Superior and inferior longitudinal bands which along with the transverse ligament make up the cruciate ligament

Question 26

Attachment of superior band of cruciate ligament?

Answer 26

Anterior edge of foramen magnum

Question 27

Attachment of the inferior band of cruciate ligament

Answer 27

Extends to C2

Question 28

Alar ligaments

Answer 28

Two strong ligaments (left and right) connecting the superolateral segments of the dens to the axis an to the medial segment of the occipital condyles

Question 29

Apical ligament

Answer 29

The short ligament attaching the vertex of the dens to the anterior edge of the foramen magnum

Question 30

Features of the tectorial membrane

Answer 30

Posterior to alar and apical ligaments divided into a medial and two lateral segments The medial segment runs from the anterior edge of the body of C2 to the foramen magnum Lateral segments run connect C2 with the occipital condyles.

Question 31

Components of the atlanto-occipital membrane

Answer 31

Anterior Posterior

Question 32

Anterior segment of the atlantooccipital membrane

Answer 32

Connects the anterior arch of C1 with the anterior edge of the foramen magnum Considered an extension of the anterior longitudinal ligament of the spine

Question 33

Posterior segment of the atlantooccipital membrane

Answer 33

Connects the posterior arch of C1 to the posterior edge of the foramen magnum it is traversed by the vertebral arteries as they exit the transverse foramina to enter the cranium. It is the equivalent of the ligamentum flavum

Question 34

Attachments of the anterior longitudinal ligament of the spine?

Answer 34

Basilar portion of the occipital bone To the anterior segment of S2

Question 35

Attachments of the posterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 35

From the internal aspect of the basilar segment of the occipital bone to the coccyx

Question 36

Answer 36

Sphenoid ostia

Question 37

Answer 37

Sphenopalatine foramen Connects the nasal cavity and the pterygopalatine fossa Transmitting the nasopalatine nerve, posterior superior nasal nerves, and sphenopalatine artery and vein.

Question 38

Answer 38

Vidian nerves Run along the floor of the sphenoid sinus Can lead back to terminal portion of petrous carotid

Question 39

Answer 39

Sphenopalatine artery Branch of maxillary

Question 40

Answer 40

Medial canthal ligament If divided should be reapproximated as there is a risk of lateral globe drift

Question 42

Answer 42

Eustachian tubes

Question 43

Lateral limit of transnasal approach

Answer 43

Eustachian tubes

Question 45

Answer 45

Inferior turbinate in yellow Nasolacrimal duct in green

Question 47

Answer 47