BONUS : VIDEO GAME ADDICTION

Question 1

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
What is video game addiction?
Currently, there is no single universally agreed upon definition of video game addiction. There is no set number of hours one must play in ordered to be considered addicted to video games. Most definitions of video game addiction refer to excessive play which results in [… … , […], […], […], or […-… …].

Answer 1

Currently, there is no single universally agreed upon definition of video game addiction. There is no set number of hours one must play in ordered to be considered addicted to video games. Most definitions of video game addiction refer to excessive play which results in [negative emotional], [social], [relational], [educational], or [career-related consequences].

Question 2

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
What is video game addiction?
Instead of devoting energy to [“…-…”] activities and pursuits, a video game addict [… … of his or her … … …]. Someone who has developed a video game addiction prioritizes ⭐️[… …] over all other activities such as [… … with … and … , ⭐️[… …], [… …], and [… …].

Answer 2

Instead of devoting energy to [“real-world”] activities and pursuits, a video game addict [spends most of his or her time playing games]. Someone who has developed a video game addiction prioritizes ⭐️[gaming accomplishments] over all other activities such as [spending time with friends and family], ⭐️[school achievement], [work performance], and [interpersonal relationships].

Question 3

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
What is video game addiction?
Video game addiction may also be defined as a serious [… of … over gaming that leads to significant […] for the player in the real world.

Answer 3

Video game addiction may also be defined as a serious [loss of control] over gaming that leads to significant [harm] for the player in the real world.

Question 4

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
What is video game addiction ?
Video game addiction is not currently considered a [… …] and does not appear in any [… … … … …]. There is however, a push among some [… … …] (and video game addicts themselves) to have video game addiction recognized as a [“…” … . However, the next version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) will not include a […] of video game addiction. Future editions of mental health classification manuals may include internet and video game addiction as [… … …], but for now the terms are [… …] rather than [… … …].

Answer 4

Video game addiction is not currently considered a [diagnosable disorder] and does not appear in any [official mental health classification system]. There is however, a push among some [mental health professional] (and video game addicts themselves) to have video game addiction recognized as a [“real” disorder]. However, the next version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) will not include a [diagnosis] of video game addiction. Future editions of mental health classification manuals may include internet and video game addiction as [impulse control disorders], but for now the terms are [informal descriptions] rather than [official diagnosable conditions].

Question 5

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
Signs of Video Game Addiction
Psychological Symptoms
- Lowered interest in [… …]
- Feelings of […] and […] when not allowed access to the video game
- Feeling […] or […] when not playing the game (especially for a [… …])
- Thinking about the [… … …] when not online
- […] about the game
- Experiencing […], […], or […] while playing (especially if these emotions are not experienced otherwise)
- Loss of interest in [… … …]
- Downplaying the impact of the [… …] (“It’s not as bad as [… …]”)
- […] excessive use (“Others play more than I do”)
- [… …] or […] when “the server is down”
- [… …] of time (e.g., suddenly realizing that several hours have passed in what seemed like just one hour)
- [… of … when unable to join ⭐️clan or ⭐️guild members on a quest
- [… …] from video games for more than a few days
- Experiencing a [… of … …] while playing
- Feelings of […] or […] after spending much more time than intended with the game

Answer 5

Psychological Symptoms

• Lowered interest in [school achievement]
• Feelings of [anger] and [frustration] when not allowed access to the video game
• Feeling [depressed] or [anxious] when not playing the game (especially for a [prolonged period])
• Thinking about the [next gaming session] when not online
• [Dreaming] about the game
• Experiencing [calmness], [peacefulness], or [euphoria] while playing (especially if these emotions are not experienced otherwise)
• Loss of interest in [previously enjoyed activities]
• Downplaying the impact of the [excessive habits] (“It’s not as bad as [alcohol addiction]”)
• [Justifying] excessive use (“Others play more than I do”)
• [Excessive frustration] or [anxiety] when “the server is down”
• [Distorted perception] of time (e.g., suddenly realizing that several hours have passed in what seemed like just one hour)
• [Feelings of guilt] when unable to join ⭐️clan or ⭐️guild members on a quest
• [Difficulty abstaining] from video games for more than a few days
• Experiencing a [loss of personal control] while playing
• Feelings of [guilt] or [regret] after spending much more time than intended with the game

Question 6

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
Signs of Video Game Addiction
Physical symptoms
- [… …] or significant change in [… …]
- […] personal hygiene
- Poor or irregular [… …] (e.g., waiting until [… …] before eating)
- […]
- [… or …] eyes
- […] fingers, neck, or back
- Poor [… …] or [… gain]
- [… … syndrome] (= syndrome du canal carpien)

Answer 6

Physical symptoms

• [Sleep difficulties] or significant change in [sleep patterns]
• [Decreased] personal hygiene
• Poor or irregular [eating habits] (e.g., waiting until [extremely hungry] before eating)
• [Headaches]
• [Dry or red] eyes
• [Sore] fingers, neck, or back
• Poor [physical health] or [weight gain]
• [Carpal tunnel syndrome] (= syndrome du canal carpien)

Question 7

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
Signs of Video Game Addiction
Behavioral Symptoms
- Decreased [… …]
- Less time spent on […] and […]
- Decreased [… …]
- […] towards those who prevent or attempt to limit access to the video game
- Frequently playing the game while [… … …]
- Spending [… and … …] with the video game
- Playing at the [… … …] (e.g., as soon as getting home from work or school)
- An [… to …] despite attempts to do so
- Staying up [… … the …] to play
- [… …] while playing or [… …] entirely
- When not playing, […] the video game in [… …]
- Large amounts of money spent on [… …], [… …], […-…], and [… …]
- Occasional gaming [“…”] of [how many ?] or more hours nonstop

Answer 7

Behavioral Symptoms

• Decreased [academic performance]
• Less time spent on [homework] and [studying]
• Decreased [work performance]
• [Aggression] towards those who prevent or attempt to limit access to the video game
• Frequently playing the game while [neglecting important responsibilities]
• Spending [more and more time] with the video game
• Playing at the [first available opportunity] (e.g., as soon as getting home from work or school)
• An [inability to quit] despite attempts to do so
• Staying up [late into the night] to play
• [Eating meals] while playing or [skipping meals] entirely
• When not playing, [discussing] the video game in [online forums]
• Large amounts of money spent on [new games], [expansion packs], [micro-transactions], and [computer upgrades]
• Occasional gaming [“binges”] of [10] or more hours nonstop

Question 8

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
Signs of Video Game Addiction
Relational Symptoms
- […] to others about how much time is spent with the game
- [… … …] so that game playing can continue
- Less time spent with [… and …]
- [… …] expressed by others at the amount of gaming time
- A loss of [… … friends], but an increase in [… … friends]
- [… …] (“I would probably play less if you wouldn’t nag so much”)
- [… / … difficulties] resulting from excessive play
- Decreased interest in […]

Answer 8

Relational Symptoms

• [Lying] to others about how much time is spent with the game
• [Declining social invitations] so that game playing can continue
• Less time spent with [family and friends]
• [Increased concern] expressed by others at the amount of gaming time
• A loss of [real world friends], but an increase in [virtual world friends]
• [Blaming others] (“I would probably play less if you wouldn’t nag so much”)
• [Marital / relationship difficulties] resulting from excessive play
• Decreased interest in [sex]

Question 9

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
What are the risk factors for video game addiction ?
- Being […]
- Having higher levels of trait […] and […] (Mehroof et al., 2010)
- […] evaluating one’s personal intelligence and […] evaluating one’s social skills
- […] online role playing games
- Having a greater degree of […] and limited ability to [… …] (Douglas et al., 2011)
- Having a lot of [… …] and little involvement in [… …] outside of work or school

Answer 9

Risk factors of Video Game Addiction

• Being [male]
• Having higher levels of trait [aggression] and [neuroticism] (Mehroof et al., 2010)
• [Positively] evaluating one’s personal intelligence and [negatively] evaluating one’s social skills
• [Favoring] online role playing games
• Having a greater degree of [impulsivity] and limited ability to [regulate emotions] (Douglas et al., 2011)
• Having a lot of [free time] and little involvement in [structured activities] outside of work or school

Question 10

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
What treatment is available for video game addiction ?
Because video game addiction is a very new development in the world of mental health, there are relatively few treatment options available for those who recognize the need to change their excessive gaming habits.
In general, […-… …] (CBT) has been the treatment modality of choice for video game addiction.
CBT involves [… the … ([…]) that contribute to unhealthy gaming habits and also, […] one’s actions ([…]) to slowly [… the … of … … … video games].

Answer 10

Treatment of Video Game Addiction
Because video game addiction is a very new development in the world of mental health, there are relatively few treatment options available for those who recognize the need to change their excessive gaming habits.
In general, [cognitive-behavioral therapy] (CBT) has been the treatment modality of choice for video game addiction.
CBT involves [changing the thoughts] ([cognitions]) that contribute to unhealthy gaming habits and also, [modifying] one’s actions ([behaviors]) to slowly [reduce the amount of time spent playing video games].

Question 11

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
What treatment is available for video game addiction ?
Quote the 4 most famous treatments options for video game addiction.

Answer 11

1. One-to-One counseling
2. Family therapy
3. Video game addiction treatment centers
4. Wilderness therapy

Question 12

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
Treatment available for video game addiction
1. One-to-One counseling with a psychologist who has […] in treating video game addiction. This may be the best option if one is able to find an [… and …] psychologist in his or her area, but unfortunately video game addiction specialists remain [… …] (although this is changing as the problem becomes more […]).

Answer 12

One-to-One counseling with a psychologist who has [expertise] in treating video game addiction. This may be the best option if one is able to find an [affordable and qualified] psychologist in his or her area, but unfortunately video game addiction specialists remain [quite rare] (although this is changing as the problem becomes more [prevalent]).

Question 13

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
Treatment available for video game addiction
2. Family therapy which involves […] the [… …], [interactions], and [… …] that may contribute to excessive gaming habits.
Family therapy is more common when the identified client is a [… or … . Family therapy may be helpful for video game addiction, but it may be quite […] for all the necessary family members to commit to the process.

Answer 13

Family therapy which involves [modifying] the [family systems], [interactions], and [family dynamics] that may contribute to excessive gaming habits.
Family therapy is more common when the identified client is a [child or teen]. Family therapy may be helpful for video game addiction, but it may be quite [challenging] for all the necessary family members to commit to the process.

Question 14

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
Treatment available for video game addiction
3. Video game addiction treatment centers which offer [… in-… … …] administered by a variety of mental health professionals. These facilities are far more common in countries like [… …] than in the United States. Although these programs are [… …] (often costing tens of thousands of dollars) there has been very little research on [… …].

Answer 14

Video game addiction treatment centers which offer [intensive in-patient recovery programs] administered by a variety of mental health professionals. These facilities are far more common in countries like [South Korea] than in the United States. Although these programs are [extremely expensive] (often costing tens of thousands of dollars) there has been very little research on [treatment outcomes].

Question 15

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
Treatment available for video game addiction
4. Wilderness therapy involving the [… … of the … from environments where video games are accessible. Wilderness therapy has been used as an intervention for a variety of [… and … … …] and is starting to be offered for video game addiction as well. Similar to in-patient treatment for video game addiction, wilderness therapy is generally [… … and may not be offered […].

Answer 15

Wilderness therapy involving the [complete removal of the individual] from environments where video games are accessible. Wilderness therapy has been used as an intervention for a variety of [child and adolescent behavioral problems] and is starting to be offered for video game addiction as well. Similar to in-patient treatment for video game addiction, wilderness therapy is generally [very expensive] and may not be offered [locally].

Question 16

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
A contradiction ?
The American Psychiatric Association has so far declined to recognize video game addiction as a diagnosis worthy of being included the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The American Psychological Association, however, did recently list “video game psychologist” as a [“… …”] because the gaming industry is hiring psychologists as […]. We can take as an example trained psychologists who [… … … for middle-aged women. Many companies focus on [… and … , including games based on the novels of Jane Austen and the popular TV detective show “Murder She Wrote.

Answer 16

The American Psychiatric Association has so far declined to recognize video game addiction as a diagnosis worthy of being included the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The American Psychological Association, however, did recently list “video game psychologist” as a [“hot career”] because the gaming industry is hiring psychologists as [consultants]. We can take as an example trained psychologists who [design games specifically] for middle-aged women. Many companies focus on [romance and mystery], including games based on the novels of Jane Austen and the popular TV detective show “Murder She Wrote.

Question 17

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
A contradiction ?
Psychology behind the games is pure [… …]. With [… …] and [… …], games are calibrated to [… …] within 20 minutes. A psychologist has declared “We learned this with […] in a [… …]”. “If you only […] give a reward then you [… …]. That’s what [… … does. The rewards don’t come [… …].”

Answer 17

Psychology behind the games is pure [Las Vegas]. With [flashy graphics] and [intermittent rewards], games are calibrated to [hook you] within 20 minutes. A psychologist has declared “We learned this with [rats] in a [food pedestal]”. “If you only [occasionally] give a reward then you [keep going]. That’s what [Las Vegas] does. The rewards don’t come [every time].”

Question 18

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
Video games and brain
A propos de la petite conférence de Daphné Bavelier : « Your brain on video games ».
Sur you tube : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FktsFcooIG8
The brain imaging study revealed that the structure and activity in the part of the brain associated with reward processing was [… in … …]. Specifically, an area of the brain known as the [… …] – considered key to [… and … – had more [… …] in kids who played video games [… hours or more] a week compared to those who spent [… time] gaming. It was not clear if playing video games [… to the … or if kids with [… volumes of … …] were [… …] to video games in the first place. Researcher Simone Kuhn, PhD, of the University of Ghent in Belgium, says [… … is needed to tease this out. But she says that it may be that people with larger ventral striatum volumes might derive more […] from playing video games.

Answer 18

The brain imaging study revealed that the structure and activity in the part of the brain associated with reward processing was [bigger in frequent gamers]. Specifically, an area of the brain known as the [ventral striatum] – considered key to [motivation and reward] – had more [gray matter] in kids who played video games [nine hours or more] a week compared to those who spent [less time] gaming. It was not clear if playing video games [led to the increase] or if kids with [larger volumes of ventral striatum] were [more drawn] to video games in the first place. Researcher Simone Kuhn, PhD, of the University of Ghent in Belgium, says [more research] is needed to tease this out. But she says that it may be that people with larger ventral striatum volumes might derive more [pleasure] from playing video games.

Question 19

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
Video games and brain
Brain Scans for Video Game Players
The study included 154 German [?-year-olds] who were asked about their video game habits. The teens underwent brain scans, and the researchers examined [… in their …] . The study participants were considered frequent gamers if they reported playing more than [nine hours] a week or infrequent gamers if they spent less time playing video games. The scans revealed that the frequent gamers had [… … … …] in the part of the brain known for [… and … . And they also showed [more evidence of brain activity] in this region when they completed a [gambling task] designed to simulate winning a video game.
The findings suggest that people with more gray matter in this part of the brain might experience video gaming as [… …], Kuhn says.

Answer 19

The study included 154 German [14-year-olds] who were asked about their video game habits. The teens underwent brain scans, and the researchers examined [differences in their brains]. The study participants were considered frequent gamers if they reported playing more than [nine hours] a week or infrequent gamers if they spent less time playing video games. The scans revealed that the frequent gamers had [more gray matter volume] in the part of the brain known for [reward and addiction]. And they also showed [more evidence of brain activity] in this region when they completed a [gambling task] designed to simulate winning a video game.
The findings suggest that people with more gray matter in this part of the brain might experience video gaming as [more rewarding], Kuhn says.
The study is published online in Translational Psychiatry.

Question 20

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
Video games and brain
Brain Scans for Video Game Players
In an effort to determine if playing video games actually alters the brain, Kuhn and colleagues plan to study people who have [… … … them]. The researchers plan to scan these people’s brains [… and … months … they are … to video gaming].

Answer 20

In an effort to determine if playing video games actually alters the brain, Kuhn and colleagues plan to study people who have [not previously played them]. The researchers plan to scan these people’s brains [before and several months after they are introduced to video gaming].

Question 21

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
Video games and brain
Video Games : Fun or Addictive ?
Social psychologist Andrew Przybylski, PhD, who is a visiting fellow at the University of Essex in England, studies why people play video games. Przybylski tells WebMD that the research as a whole does not suggest that video games are addictive the way […, … and … are]. He believes that for most people who enjoy them, video games are intensely pleasurable in the way that some people find [… and … … on TV very … . “I don’t believe there is anything [… …] about video games any more than other thing that people find […],” he says.

Answer 21

Social psychologist Andrew Przybylski, PhD, who is a visiting fellow at the University of Essex in England, studies why people play video games. Przybylski tells WebMD that the research as a whole does not suggest that video games are addictive the way [cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs are]. He believes that for most people who enjoy them, video games are intensely pleasurable in the way that some people find [golf and watching television on TV very pleasurable]. “I don’t believe there is anything [inherently addictive] about video games any more than other thing that people find [fun],” he says.

Question 22

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
Video games and brain
Video Games : Fun or Addictive ?
Neuroimaging refers to the methods ([… and … ) for [… … of the brain, such as the […] of its parts, [… …] to the parts, and the [… of …].
Neuroimaging allows researchers to study the […] between the effects of […] video game playing and the […] of the brain. Neuroimaging studies show a relationship between [… to … video games] and [… … of brain … . Activation of the [… cortex] and the […], which are thought to be associated with […], […-…], and […] have shown to be activated in players of violent video games both [… play] and [… play]. This indicates that there is an [… activation of … and …] with a [… in …-…].

Answer 22

Neuroimaging refers to the methods ([magnetism and radiation]) for [visualizing characteristics] of the brain, such as the [size] of its parts, [blood flow] to the parts, and the [breakdown of nutrients].
Neuroimaging allows researchers to study the [relationship] between the effects of [violent] video game playing and the [functioning] of the brain. Neuroimaging studies show a relationship between [exposure to violent video games] and [unique patterns of brain activation]. Activation of the [prefrontal cortex] and the [amygdala], which are thought to be associated with [emotion], [self-control], and [aggression] have shown to be activated in players of violent video games both [during play] and [after play]. This indicates that there is an [increased activation of emotion and aggression] with a [decrease in self-control].

Question 23

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
Video games and brain
Video Games : Fun or Addictive ? 
TRUE OR FALSE ?
Studies are currently being conducted to evaluate the long-term effect of violent video game play on brain functioning.

Answer 23

TRUE

Question 24

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
Unanswered Questions
Several major gaps remain in the violent video game literature. One especially large gap is the lack of [… …] testing the link between habitual violent video game exposure and [… …], while controlling for [… … of … and other [… … . Indeed, of the four major types of empirical studies mentioned earlier, this is the only type missing. There are such studies focusing on [… …] but none on video games.

Answer 24

Several major gaps remain in the violent video game literature. One especially large gap is the lack of [longitudinal studies] testing the link between habitual violent video game exposure and [later aggression], while controlling for [earlier levels of aggression] and other [risk factors]. Indeed, of the four major types of empirical studies mentioned earlier, this is the only type missing. There are such studies focusing on [television violence] but none on video games.

Question 25

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
Unanswered Questions
Another gap concerns potential differences in effect sizes of television versus video game violence. There are theoretical reasons to believe that violent video game effects may prove larger, primarily because of the [… and … … …] of video games. However, this is a very difficult question to investigate, especially with [… …]. How does one select violent video game and television stimuli that are matched on [… …] ? On what dimensions should they be […] ? Number of […] ? Amount of [… and … ? […] of the images ? There are a couple of [… … …] that have compared the effects of television and video game violence on aggression, using comparable measures of [… …]. Both yielded results suggesting a larger effect of [… … …]. But the issue is not […].

Answer 25

Another gap concerns potential differences in effect sizes of television versus video game violence. There are theoretical reasons to believe that violent video game effects may prove larger, primarily because of the [active and repetitive learning aspects] of video games. However, this is a very difficult question to investigate, especially with [experimental designs]. How does one select violent video game and television stimuli that are matched on [other dimensions] ? On what dimensions should they be [equivalent] ? Number of [bodies] ? Amount of [blood and gore] ? [Realism] of the images ? There are a couple of [unpublished correlational studies] that have compared the effects of television and video game violence on aggression, using comparable measures of [violence exposure]. Both yielded results suggesting a larger effect of [video game violence]. But the issue is not [settled].

Question 26

VIDEO GAME ADDICTION
Unanswered Questions
Finally, more research is needed to :
(a) […] emerging general models of human aggression ;
(b) [… the … underlying short and long term media violence effects ;
(c) […] these models to […] aggression at the level of […] and […].
Several different research groups around the world are working on these [… …].

Answer 26

Finally, more research is needed to :
(a) [refine] emerging general models of human aggression ;
(b) [delineate the processes] underlying short and long term media violence effects ;
(c) [broaden] these models to [encompass] aggression at the level of [subcultures] and [nations].
Several different research groups around the world are working on these [various issues].