Bones

Question 1

What are the 4 main types of bones?

Answer 1

• long bones (found in arms and legs)
• short bones (found in ankles & wrists)
• irregular bones (found in spine and face)
• flat bones (found in skull and ribs)

Question 2

What is a sesamoid bone?

Answer 2

A small floating bone found embedded within muscle or tendons close to a joint surface (eg patella)

Question 3

What is the structure of a bone?

Answer 3

• cortical bone = hard outer layer
• cancellous bone = inner spongy part

Question 4

What is articular cartilage?

Answer 4

Slick and shiny material at the ends of the bone where they meet in a joint. Cushiony layer that reduces friction.

Question 5

What is Epiphysis?

Answer 5

Cap at the end of long bones. Where the bone grows at childhood/ teenage years. Essential to help us move and be flexible.

Question 6

What is Diaphysis?

Answer 6

Strong sturdy middle part of the long bone. Strong and tough giving support and structure. Where bone barrow is found.

Question 7

What is periosteum?

Answer 7

Tough yet sensitive membrane around the bone. Packed with blood vessels, nerve endings and cells.

Question 8

What are the 4 stages of bone growth?

Answer 8

• proliferation stage - cells of bone start to multiply.
• hypertrophic stage - cells get bigger and more mature.
• calcification stage - bones become tough and ready.
• ossification stage - bone is ready

Question 9

What are the spinous processes?

Answer 9

Project off the back of the vertebrae. Used for muscle and ligament attachment, also protect spinal cord.

Question 10

What are the transverse processes?

Answer 10

Project off the side of the vertebrae. Used for muscle and ligament attachment, also protect spinal cord.

Question 11

What are the three main fungi ion of the spine?

Answer 11

• absorb shock
• prevent injury
• counterbalance load

Question 12

What are the four positions of the spine?

Answer 12

• neutral spine: embodies natural curvature.
• c-curve: spine in flexion
• j-curve: lumbar spine in flexion but the rest in neutral
• extension: extend the spine

Question 13

What are the four sections of the spine?

Answer 13

• cervical
• thoracic
• lumbar
• sacrum

Question 14

How many vertebrae does the cervical spine have and what curvature is it?

Answer 14

7 vertebrae. C1-C7
C1 = atlas = nodding the head
C2 = axis = shaking the head
Lordotic curvature (anterior)

Question 15

How many vertebrae does the thoracic spine have and what is its curvature?

Answer 15

12 vertebrae, T1-T12 - all attached to the ribs.
Kyphotic curve (posterior)

Question 16

How many vertebrae does the lumbar spine have and what curvature does it have?

Answer 16

5 vertebrae - L1 - L5
Lordotic curvature (anterior)

Question 17

How many vertebrae does the sacrum have and what curvature is it?

Answer 17

5 fused vertebrae.
Kyphotic curve (posterior)

Question 18

What is lordosis?

Answer 18

Normal inward curvature of the cervical and lumbar spine.

Question 19

What is kyphosis?

Answer 19

The normal outward curvature of the thoracic and sacrum spine.