Body Systems: Excretory System (Kidney Dysfunctions)

Question 1

Diabetes mellitus: (mellitus=sweet tasting)

Answer 1

•inadequate secretion of insulin from islet cells in the pancreas.
•without insulin there are high concentrations of blood sugar.
•draws water to the nephron.
•large volume of urine containing sugars and water.
•people excrete large volumes of urine, and are usually thirsty all the time.
•treatment: insulin injections.

Question 2

Diabetes insipidus: (insipidus=gross tasting)

Answer 2

•destruction of ADH production caused by autoimmune disorders, or certain drugs, viruses, or infections. Causes huge quantities of dilute urine to be excreted.
•patients are constantly thirsty.
•treatment: synthetic ADH.

Question 3

Renal insufficiency:

Answer 3

-when the kidney cannot maintain homeostasis. Causes include:
1. Kidney infection.
2. High blood pressure.
3. Diabetes mellitus.
4. Trauma (physical damage).
5. Poisoning.
6. Atherosclerosis.
7. Blockage of tubules.
8. Cancer.

Question 4

Homeostasis:

Answer 4

The body maintaining balance of everything in the body. (Wastes, nutrients, minerals, ect…)

Question 5

Kidney dialysis:

Answer 5

-temporary solution for people whose kidneys cannot effectively process bodily wastes until they receive a kidney transplant.
-a dialysis machine passes blood through semi-permeable membranes.
-there are 2 types of dialysis:
1. Hemodialysis.
2. Peritoneal dialysis.

Question 6

Hemodialysis:

Answer 6

-utilizes an artificial membrane in a external device, like an artificial kidney that is connected to an artery and a vein.

Question 7

Peritoneal dialysis:

Answer 7

•dialysis fluid is pumped into the abdominal cavity.
•the lining of your abdomen acts as a filter and removes waste products from your blood.
•after a period of time, the fluid with the filtered waste products flows out of your abdomen and is discarded.
•these treatments can be done at home, at work or while travelling.
•peritoneal dialysis isn’t an option for everyone with kidney failure. You need manual dexterity and the ability to care for yourself at home, or you need a reliable caregiver.

Question 8

Nephritis:

Answer 8

•inflammation of the nephron’s due to virus, infections, or autoimmune diseases.
•Causes damage to and reduce blood pressure in glomerulus.
•large proteins can pass into nephrons drawing in excess volumes of water resulting in large urine output.
•Red blood cells may leak out of damaged glomeruli, causing blood to appear in the urine.
•treatment: antibiotics or immunosuppressants depending on the cause.

Question 9

Kidney stones:

Answer 9

•crystallization of minerals in either the kidney, the ureters, or the bladder.
•calcium.
•oxalates (veggies, spinach, beets).
•dehydration (binge drinking)-alcohol.
•the stones can lodge in the renal pelvis, or they may move down the ureter into the bladder and be passed out of the body with the urine.
•delicate tissue is torn as the stone moves toward the bladder, causing excruciating pain.
•treatment: stones can be broken up through ultra-sound waves and then they can be passed more easily through the urinary tract.

Question 10

Kidney transplant:

Answer 10

-individuals with <10% kidney function will eventually have to replace their kidneys.
-the need for kidneys is much greater than the available supply.
-two sources:
•cadaveric donors: 95% success rate.
•live donors: 98% success rate.

Question 11

Kidney transplants:

Answer 11

-kidney transplant involves placing a new kidney/ureter in the lower abdomen, they are surgically attached to the blood vessel and bladder.
-main disadvantage with any transplant is the immune response of the recipient.

Question 12

Urinary tract infection (UTI):

Answer 12

-an infection of the urinary system.
-can involve urethra, kidneys, or bladder.
-bacteria get into the urinate system from outside of the body, causing infection and inflammation.
-more common in women (1 in 5).
-pelvic pain, frequent urination.
-abnormal, bloody, or smelly urine.