Body Systems: Circulatory/Immune Systems (ABO Blood Types)

Question 1

Antigens and antibodies:

Answer 1

-antigen (Ag): molecule on the surface of cells and on pathogens.
•identification system, stimulates the formation of an antibody.
-antibody (Ab): protein that recognizes foreign substance and acts to neutralize or destroy.
•produced by the recipient and act on invading antigen.

Question 2

Blood groups:

Answer 2

-in humans, blood types can be classified in two ways.
-based on the antigen markers found on the membranes of each RBC.
1. ABO groupings.
2. Rh groupings.

Question 3

ABO grouping:

Answer 3

-RBC present different antigens based on our DNA.
-our WBC produce antibodies against other blood types.
-this means you are incompatible with other blood types.

Question 4

ABO antigens:

Answer 4

-ABO System = presence or absence of type A and type B antigens on a persons RBC.
•blood type A = antigen A.
•blood type B = antigen B.
•blood type AB = both antigens A and B.
•blood type O = no antigen.

Question 5

ABO antibodies:

Answer 5

-antibodies in blood types:
•blood type A = anti-B antibody.
•blood type B = anti-A antibody.
•blood type AB = no antibodies.
•blood type O = anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

Question 6

Rhesus grouping:

Answer 6

-inherited antigens (like ABO blood types).
-individuals with the rhesus factor are said to be Rh positive (Rh+).
-individuals without the rhesus factor are said to be Rh negative (Rh-).
-Rh- humans have no natural antibodies against Rh factor, but antibodies can be produced if they are exposed to the Rh factor during blood transfusion or pregnancy.
-Rh- individuals may donate to Rh+ individuals but they cannot receive Rh+ blood.

Question 7

Universal recipient:

Answer 7

-type AB+ blood = universal recipient.
-has all 3 types of antigens, no antibodies.
-can receive blood from any donor.
-can only donate blood to type AB+.

Question 8

Universal donor:

Answer 8

-type O- blood = universal donor.
-has no antigens.
-can be donated to individuals of all blood types.
-can only accept blood from individuals with blood type O-.

Question 9

Antibodies at work:

Answer 9

-cause agglutination, or clumping, by attaching to the antigen (Ag).
-once blood is agglutinated, it can no longer pass through the tiny capillaries.
-therefore, it clogs the capillaries and prevents the delivery of oxygen and nutrients.

Question 10

Erythroblastosis fetalis:

Answer 10

-rhesus factor incompatibilities are important for Rh+ babies and Rh- mothers.
-If a Baby Inherits the Rh+ factor, a condition called erythroblastosis fetalis can occur with subsequent pregnancy’s.
-the first child is okay because the blood of the mother and the blood of the baby are separated by the placenta.
-their blood does not mix until birth.
Treatment:
-mother can be injected with anti-Rh antibodies.
-given right after first birth.
-will attack any Rh+ AB’s in mothers body.

Question 11

Blood type stats:

Answer 11

-O types.
•less likely to suffer from cardiovascular issues, or clotting issues, or type 2 diabetes.
•attracts more mosquitos.
-A types.
•more likely to develop stomach cancer.
-B types.
•More likely to develop gastroenteric cancers.
-AB types.
•more likely to develop cognitive difficulties.
-Rh- types.
•tend towards more mental health issues and skin allergies.