chemotherapy GI bleed rheumatoid arthritis lupus AIDS cancer surger

aplastic anemia hemolytic anemia iron deficiency anemia pernicious anemia sickle cell anemia thalassemia

Blood, Lymphatic, & Immune System Flashcards by Yesika Bravo

Blood > Formed Elements (45%)

• Erythrocytes
• Thrombocytes
• Leukocytes
     - Neutrophils
     - Eosinophils
     - Basophils
     - Monocytes
     - Lymphocytes

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Blood > Plasma (55%)

• Water
• Salts
• Nutritions
• Hormones
•Vitamins
• Proteins
     - Alumin
     - Globulin (alpha, beta, gamma)
     - Fibrinogen
     - Prothrombin

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Leukocytes > Granulocytes

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

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Leukocytes > Agranulocytes

Lymphocytes

* Monocytes

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Basophils

allergic reactions & histamine reactions

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Eosinophils

parasitic infections, including fungal infections, & allergic infections

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Neutrophils

bacterial infections, inflammation, & stress response but not viral infections

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Lymphocytes

viral infections, chronic infections & inflammation

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Monocytes

chronic infections

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Anemia > Causes

chemotherapy
GI bleed
rheumatoid arthritis
lupus
AIDS
cancer
surger

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Anemia > Signs & Symptoms

¡ hemoglobin
¡ hematocrit
change in finger nail beds
pale skin color
fatigue
¡ DBP

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Types of Anemia

aplastic anemia
hemolytic anemia
iron deficiency anemia
pernicious anemia
sickle cell anemia
thalassemia

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Aplastic Anemia

Cause
•toxic chemicals, radiation

Defect
• damaged bone marrow

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Hemolytic Anemia

Cause
• toxic chemicals

Defect
• red blood cells destroyed

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Iron Deficiency Anemia

Cause
• dietary lack of iron

Defect
• hemoglobin deficient

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Pernicious Anemia

Cause
• inability to absorb vit B12

Defect
• excess of immature cells

Sickle Cell Anemia

Cause
• defective gene

Defect
• red blood cells abnormally shaped

Thalassemia

Cause
• defective gene

Defect
• hemoglobin deficient, red blood cells short lived

Immunoglobulin Immune Response > IgG

70-80% - most predominant
• can cross the placenta so pregnant woman can pass immunity to the fetus
• present in plasma tissue

Immunoglobulin Immune Response > IgM

7%
• first to appear in response to antigens
• present in plasma, but cannot cross placenta

Immunoglobulin Immune Response > IgA

16-19%
• found in serum, colostrum (first mothers milk), respiratory & intestinal mucosal membranes, saliva & tears
• cannot cross placenta
•transferred to baby through breast milk

Immunoglobulin Immune Response > IgE

0.01% - least predominant
• found in plasma, secretion of glands
•promotes allergic histamine reaction

Immunoglobulin Immune Response > IgD

1%
• serves as a receptor for B-lymphocytes
• not much is know about its function

HIV & AIDS > Names

HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus

AIDS - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

HIV & AIDS > Transmission

blood products, CSF, semen, vaginal secretions, mom to child

Early HIV signs

* fever, night sweats * chronic diarrhea * oral infections * vaginal candidiasis * cough * SoB * skin/nail changes

Advanced HIV signs

* kaposi's sarcoma - multiple purple skin blotches * persistent cough * fever, night sweats * easy bruising * thrush * muscle weakness * co-morbidities - TB, pneumonia, lymphoma, herpes, toxoplasmosis

Opportunistic Infections 2º to AIDS

* meningitis * toxoplasmosis * herpes simplex * candidiasis * cytomegalovirus * staphylococcus * scabies * HPV * salmonella

Lymphoma

* swollen lymph nodes in neck & axilla * malaise & weight loss * fever & night sweats * itching

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

* peak incidence s 20-24 y.o. * appearance of swollen glands in neck, axilla & groin * non-painful & unresponsive to antibiotics * loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, indigestion, weight loss * enlargement of liver, spleen, abdominal lymph nodes * LBP referred to LE * anemia * night sweats & recurring fever

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology that results in: • inflammation & damage to various organs • onset: 15-45 y.o. • african (3x more common), native american, asian > caucasian

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus > Signs & Symptoms

• unexplained fever • swollen glands • constitutional symptoms • arthralgia-symmetrical • swollen joints • skin rash (butterfly pattern - cheeks) • chest pain upon deep breathing • extreme fatigue • photosensitivity • unusual hair loss • Raynaud's phenomenon • CNS Sx (seizures, HA, peripheral neuropathy, CVA, OBS) • mouth, nose, vaginal ulcers • Sx get worse during menstruation

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus > Complications

* seizures / psychosis * pleuritis / pericarditis * endocarditis / myocarditis * anemia * glomerulonephritis