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BioMed Board Exam > Blood, Lymphatic, & Immune System > Flashcards

Blood, Lymphatic, & Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Blood > Formed Elements (45%)

A 
• Erythrocytes
• Thrombocytes
• Leukocytes
     - Neutrophils
     - Eosinophils
     - Basophils
     - Monocytes
     - Lymphocytes
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2
Q

Blood > Plasma (55%)

A 
• Water
• Salts
• Nutritions
• Hormones
•Vitamins
• Proteins
     - Alumin
     - Globulin (alpha, beta, gamma)
     - Fibrinogen
     - Prothrombin
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3
Q

Leukocytes > Granulocytes

A
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Neutrophils
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4
Q

Leukocytes > Agranulocytes

A
  • Lymphocytes

* Monocytes

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5
Q

Basophils

A

allergic reactions & histamine reactions

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6
Q

Eosinophils

A

parasitic infections, including fungal infections, & allergic infections

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7
Q

Neutrophils

A

bacterial infections, inflammation, & stress response but not viral infections

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8
Q

Lymphocytes

A

viral infections, chronic infections & inflammation

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9
Q

Monocytes

A

chronic infections

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10
Q

Anemia > Causes

A
  • chemotherapy
  • GI bleed
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • lupus
  • AIDS
  • cancer
  • surger
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11
Q

Anemia > Signs & Symptoms

A
  • ¡ hemoglobin
  • ¡ hematocrit
  • change in finger nail beds
  • pale skin color
  • fatigue
  • ¡ DBP
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12
Q

Types of Anemia

A
  • aplastic anemia
  • hemolytic anemia
  • iron deficiency anemia
  • pernicious anemia
  • sickle cell anemia
  • thalassemia
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13
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

Cause
•toxic chemicals, radiation

Defect
• damaged bone marrow

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14
Q

Hemolytic Anemia

A

Cause
• toxic chemicals

Defect
• red blood cells destroyed

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15
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia

A

Cause
• dietary lack of iron

Defect
• hemoglobin deficient

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16
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

Cause
• inability to absorb vit B12

Defect
• excess of immature cells

17
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Cause
• defective gene

Defect
• red blood cells abnormally shaped

18
Q

Thalassemia

A

Cause
• defective gene

Defect
• hemoglobin deficient, red blood cells short lived

19
Q

Immunoglobulin Immune Response > IgG

A

70-80% - most predominant
• can cross the placenta so pregnant woman can pass immunity to the fetus
• present in plasma tissue

20
Q

Immunoglobulin Immune Response > IgM

A

7%
• first to appear in response to antigens
• present in plasma, but cannot cross placenta

21
Q

Immunoglobulin Immune Response > IgA

A

16-19%
• found in serum, colostrum (first mothers milk), respiratory & intestinal mucosal membranes, saliva & tears
• cannot cross placenta
•transferred to baby through breast milk

22
Q

Immunoglobulin Immune Response > IgE

A

0.01% - least predominant
• found in plasma, secretion of glands
•promotes allergic histamine reaction

23
Q

Immunoglobulin Immune Response > IgD

A

1%
• serves as a receptor for B-lymphocytes
• not much is know about its function

24
Q

HIV & AIDS > Names

A

HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus

AIDS - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

25
Q

HIV & AIDS > Transmission

A

blood products, CSF, semen, vaginal secretions, mom to child

26
Q

Early HIV signs

A
  • fever, night sweats
  • chronic diarrhea
  • oral infections
  • vaginal candidiasis
  • cough
  • SoB
  • skin/nail changes
27
Q

Advanced HIV signs

A
  • kaposi’s sarcoma - multiple purple skin blotches
  • persistent cough
  • fever, night sweats
  • easy bruising
  • thrush
  • muscle weakness
  • co-morbidities - TB, pneumonia, lymphoma, herpes, toxoplasmosis
28
Q

Opportunistic Infections 2º to AIDS

A
  • meningitis
  • toxoplasmosis
  • herpes simplex
  • candidiasis
  • cytomegalovirus
  • staphylococcus
  • scabies
  • HPV
  • salmonella
29
Q

Lymphoma

A
  • swollen lymph nodes in neck & axilla
  • malaise & weight loss
  • fever & night sweats
  • itching
30
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A
  • peak incidence s 20-24 y.o.
  • appearance of swollen glands in neck, axilla & groin
  • non-painful & unresponsive to antibiotics
  • loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, indigestion, weight loss
  • enlargement of liver, spleen, abdominal lymph nodes
  • LBP referred to LE
  • anemia
  • night sweats & recurring fever
31
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology that results in:
•inflammation & damage to various organs
• onset: 15-45 y.o.
• african (3x more common), native american, asian > caucasian

32
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus > Signs & Symptoms

A

• unexplained fever •swollen glands • constitutional symptoms • arthralgia-symmetrical • swollen joints • skin rash (butterfly pattern - cheeks) • chest pain upon deep breathing •extreme fatigue •photosensitivity • unusual hair loss • Raynaud’s phenomenon • CNS Sx (seizures, HA, peripheral neuropathy, CVA, OBS) • mouth, nose, vaginal ulcers •Sx get worse during menstruation

33
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus > Complications

A
  • seizures / psychosis
  • pleuritis / pericarditis
  • endocarditis / myocarditis
  • anemia
  • glomerulonephritis

BioMed Board Exam (28 decks)

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