Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
What part of the eye lacks blood supply and receives nourishment from the secretions of the lachrymal glands?
a) Iris
b) Lens
c) Retina
d) Cornea
Cornea
What are the ridges in the brain called?
a) Sulcus
b) Sulci
c) Gyri
Gyri
Which cranial nerve provides the sensory input for the gag reflex?
a) Vestibulocochlear nerve
b) Phrenic nerve
c) Oculomotor nerve
d) Glossopharyngeal nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Which nerve is anaesthetized when extracting a tooth from the lower jaw?
a) Facial nerve
b) Mental nerve
c) Inferior alveolar nerve
d) Zygomaticotemporal nerve
Inferior alveolar nerve
What is the order food passes along the digestive tract?
Jejunum > Ileum > Ascending colon > Transverse colon > Descending colon > Sigmoid colon
What is the smallest muscle in the body?
a) Stylopharyngeus
b) Stapedius
c) Hypoglossus
d) Auricularis anterior
Stapedius
Our body creates 25 million new cells in how much time?
Every second
• about 2 trillion are produced by an adult body every day.
The pelvic floor is comprised of which group of muscles?
a) Levator ani
b) scalenes
c) Quadriceps
d) Lumbricals
Levator ani
Which nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome?
Median Nerve
The major artery that is located on either side of the neck is…
Carotid artery
The flap that covers your windpipe is called?
a) Glottis
b) Epiglottis
c) Trachea
d) Cartilage
Epiglottis
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
a) Diaphragmatic nerve
b) Hypogastric plexus
c) Vagus nerve
d) Phrenic nerve
Phrenic nerve
What is the name of the median wall that separates the left & right side of he human heart?
a) Septum
b) Atrium
c) Vallum
d) Pericardium
Septum
What is the average daily production of gastric/stomach acid?
a) 1.5 liters
b) 1.0 liters
c) 0.355 liters
d) 0.5 liters
1.5 liters
About how much blood does an adult kidney process in an average day?
a) 800 liters
b) 1800 liters
c) 300 liters
d) 30 liters
1800 liters
The rotator cuffs are located where?
Shoulders
The entire sympathetic outflow arises from these spinal nerves…
a) C8 - L4
b) C1 - S5
c) T1 - T12
d) T1 - L2
T1 - L2
The brain contains how many ventricles?
a) 3
b) 6
c) 4
d) 5
4
Which is the longest muscle in the body?
a) Palmaris lonus
b) Biceps brachii
c) Gluteus maximus
d) Sartorius
Sartorius
What is the smallest bone in the body?
a) Trapezoid
b) Stirrup
c) Metacarpal
d) Triquetral
Stirrup (a.k.a. Stapes)
• one of the 3 main bones (ossicles) in the middle ear connecting the eardrum to the cochlea
Which organ is part of the immune system in early life?
a) Thalamus
b) Parathyroid gland
c) Thymus gland
d) Thyroid gland
Thymus gland
What is the longest bone in the body?
Femur
How many bones are in the skull?
a) 30
b) 22
c) 15
d) 10
22
• 8 cranial, 14 facial
About how fast do nerve impulses from muscle signals move?
a) 100 m/sec
b) 8000 m/sec
c) 50 m/sec
d) 10 m/sec
100 m/sec
Which of the following organs cannot be successfully transplanted?
a) Kidney
b) Heart
c) Bladder
d) Liver
Bladder
Which of the following glands secretes the largest amount of hormones?
a) Thyroid gland
b) Pituitary gland
c) Pancreas
d) Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
On average, how much does an adult salivate per day?
a) 0.1 liters
b) 3.78 liters
c) 2 liters
d) 1 liter
1 liter
Which of the following organs is part of the lymphatic system?
a) Spleen
b) Pancreas
c) Lungs
d) Adrenal gland
Spleen
Roughly what part of whole blood is comprised of blood cells (reds, whites, & platelets)?
a) 22%
b) 62%
c) 45%
d) 82%
45%
Which of the following bones in part of the axial skeleton?
a) Clavicle
b) Pelvis
c) Mandible
d) Femur
Mandible
How many teeth does the average adult have?
a) 32
b) 34
c) 28
d) 29
32 teeth
How many bones in one upper limb?
a) 20
b) 30
c) 50
d) 40
30 bones
What is the average normal urinary output for an adult?
a) 1500 ml
b) 300 ml
c) 400 ml
d) 3000 ml
1500 ml
What role does aldosterone play in the human body?
a) Controls reabsorption of sodium ions from primary urine in the kidney
b) Controls the BMR of the body
c) Controls the levels of adrenalin in the body
d) Controls the reabsorption of water in the body
Controls reabsorption of sodium ions from primary urine in the kidneys
What is the basic excretory unit of the human kidney?
a) Nephron
b) Malpighian body
c) Bowman’s capsule
d) Glomerulus
Nephron
What is the largest organ in the body?
a) Small Intestine
b) Large Intestine
c) Skin
d) Nervous System
Skin
How many valves does the heart have?
4 valves
• 2 atrioventricular valves & 2 semilunar valves
Where is the visual cortex located?
The back of the brain
The XII cranial nerve which controls the tongue is called?
a) Abducens
b) Vagus
c) Trigeminal
d) Hypoglossal
Hypoglossal
What is the heaviest internal organ of the body?
a) Liver
b) both Lungs
c) both Kidneys
d) Heart
Liver
When listening to the heart one hears the first loud sound ‘lub’ followed by a shorter softer sound ‘dub’. What causes the first louder sound?
a) the closure of the pulmonary semilunar valve
b) the closure of the parietal valve
c) the closure of the mitral & tricuspid valve
d) the closure of the aortic valve
The closure of the mitral & tricuspid valve
Motor neurons are present in?
a) between synapses
b) Dorsal root
c) Ventral root
d) between dorsal & ventral roots
Ventral root
How long are the intestines of a living average adult?
a) approx 60 feet
b) approx 25 feet
c) approx 45 feet
d) approx 10 feet
Approx 25 feet
Which of the following is a symptom of dehydration?
a) tinnitus
b) muscle cramps
c) slow heart beat
d) clear colored urine
Muscle cramps
Not including the ear bones, how many bones are in the skull?
a) 30
b) 15
c) 10
d) 22
22
• 8 cranial, 14 facial (6 ear bones not normally considered part of the skull)
The largest artery in the body is?
a) Renal
b) Iliac
c) Femoral
d) Aorta
Aorta
How many bones are in the human body?
a) 365
b) 150
c) 206
d) 296
206
The entire blood supply passes once through the heart about…
a) once every five minutes
b) twice every five minutes
c) twice every minute
d) once every minute
Once every minute
Which gland releases growth hormones?
a) Pituitary gland
b) Pineal gland
c) Pancreas
d) Adrenal gland
Pituitary gland
How many vertebrae does an adult have?
a) 26
b) 29
c) 28
d) 20
26
T/F : the pancreas has an endocrine & exocrine function?
True
Arrange the following structures in the order in which food passes through them: [1] cecum, [2] descending colon, [3] rectum, [4] sigmoid colon, [5] transverse colon
a) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
b) 1, 5, 2, 4, 3
c) 2, 5, 1, 3, 4
d) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4
1, 5, 2, 4, 3
The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the…
a) duodenum
b) pyloric sphincter
c) ileum
d) jejunum
Ileum
Arrange the following sphincters in the order in which food passes through them: [1] external anal sphincter, [2] ileocecal sphincter, [3] lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter, [4] pyloric sphincter
a) 2, 3, 4, 1
b) 4, 2, 1, 3
c) 2, 1, 3, 4
d) 3, 4, 2, 1
3, 4, 2, 1
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
a) B12
b) K
c) A
d) C
B12
The ___ secretes peptidases & disaccharides, whereas the ___ secretes trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase & lipase.
a) stomach, small intestine
b) small intestine, pancreas
c) liver, pancreas
d) liver, small intestine
small intestine, pancreas
Which of the following anchors the liver to the stomach?
a) lesser omentum
b) muscle
c) gastrichepatic serosa
d) greater omentum
Lesser omentum
T/F: Payer’s patches are found in the submucosa of the distal end of the small intestine.
True
Which hormone causes the pancreas to release an enzyme rich juice?
a) gastrin
b) cholecystokinin (CCK)
c) insulin
d) histamine
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
T/F: Pancreatic juice consists mostly of water and is acidic.
False
T/F: The storage & concentration area for bile is the gallbladder.
True
T/F: Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach.
True
Which blood vessels do nutrients go to after leaving the small intestines?
a) hepatic artery
b) superior mesenteric vein
c) hepatic portal vein
d) inferior mesenteric vein
Hepatic portal vein
The portion of the large intestine closest to the liver is?
a) ascending colon
b) transverse colon
c) rectum
d) descending colon
Transverse colon
What is the duct that drains the bile from the liver?
a) cystic
b) common hepatic
c) common bile
d) bile
Common hepatic
Which of the following will stimulate both gallbladder contraction & secretion of pancreatic juice?
a) gastrin
b) histamine
c) secretin
d) cholecystakinin (CCK)
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of?
a) mastication
b) fermentation
c) catabolism
d) anabolism
Catabolism
Amylase is a digestive enzyme from the?
a) stomach
b) spleen
c) pancreas
d) liver
Pancreas
Which of the following is not an accessory digestive organ?
a) teeth
b) mouth
c) liver
d) salivary glands
Mouth
The correct sequence for the layers within the wall of the alimentary canal from the inside to the outside is the…
a) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
b) submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, mucosa
c) serosa, mucosa, muscularis externa, submucosa
d) muscularis externa, mucosa, serosa, submucosa
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
One of the major functions of the large intestine is to…
a) reabsorb 95% of ingested water
b) remove water material
c) regulate the release of bile
d) secrete digestive enzymes
Remove water material
A damaged liver would predominantly affect the digestion of…
a) proteins
b) starches
c) carbohydrates
d) lipids
Lipids
In enzyme controlled reactions, the role of certain vitamins such as niacin is to act as…
a) an enzyme
b) a coenzyme
c) a polypeptide
d) a substrate
A coenzyme
Which of the following is not an accessory structure of the digestive system?
a) gallbladder
b) liver
c) spleen
d) pancreas
Spleen
The ‘lock & key hypothesis’ attempts to explain the mechanism of…
a) pinocytosis
b) sharing of electrons
c) vacuole formation
d) enzyme specificity
Enzyme specificity
Any substance that is acted upon by an enzyme is called a…
a) vitamin
b) coenzyme
c) substrate
d) polypeptide
Substrate
Which element is present in maltase, but not in maltose?
a) nitrogen
b) oxygen
c) carbon
d) hydrogen
Nitrogen
Vitamins are essential for the survival of organisms because vitamins usually function as…
a) nucleic acid
b) coenzymes
c) substrates
d) nucelotides
Coenzymes
The pancreatic duct transports secretions from the pancreas to the…
a) duodenum
b) liver
c) stomach
d) colon
Duodenum
Which of the following enzymes digests fats?
a) fatase
b) lipase
c) sucrase
d) protease
Lipase
Wavelike motions that propel food through the GI system are called…
a) peristalsis
b) contractions
c) segmentation
d) oropharynxis
Peristalsis
Lipase, maltase & protease are member of a group of catalysts known as…
a) lipids
b) carbohydrates
c) hormones
d) enzymes
enzymes
Salivary amylase secreted into the oral cavity starts the digestion of…
a) lipids
b) proteins
c) amino acids
d) starch
Starch
What age group is most likely to develop pyloric stenosis?
a) seniors
b) adults
c) infants
d) children
Infants
What is the beginning of the large intestine called?
a) cholecystokinin (CCK)
b) chyme
c) common bile duct
d) cecum
Cecum
How many pairs of salivary glands are there?
a) 6
b) 5
c) 4
d) 3
3
Which group of organic compounds include the enzymes?
a) proteins
b) carbohydrates
c) lipids
d) starches
Proteins
Which of the following is classified as an enzyme?
a) manganese dioxide
b) protease
c) galactose
d) lipids
Protease
An enzyme that hydrolyzes protein will not act upon starch. This fact is an indication that enzymes are…
a) specific
b) hydrolitic
c) catalytic
d) synthetic
Specific
What is the ‘pyloric pump’?
a) undigested food moving through the ileocecal valve
b) food movement through the esophagus into the stomach
c) chyme moving from the stomach into the small intestine
d) feces moving through the internal anal sphincter
Chyme moving from the stomach in the small intestine
The final portion of the small intestine is the…
a) jejunum
b) ileum
c) duodenum
d) colon
Ileum
During digestion, proteins are broken down into molecules of…
a) nucleic acids
b) glucose
c) amino acids
d) fatty acids
Amino acids
Which muscles protrude & retract the tongue, moving it from side to side?
a) masseter & temporalis muscles
b) buccinator & masseter muscles
c) extrinsic tongue muscle
d) intrinsic tongue muscle
Extrinsic tongue muscle
Glucose is stored in the liver as…
a) glycogen
b) starch
c) fat
d) ATP
Glycogen
Bile is produced in the…
a) pancreas
b) liver
c) small intestine
d) stomach
Liver
The frenulum is part of the…
a) skull
b) muscle of mastication
c) tongue
d) teeth
Tongue
Large mucosal folds formed when the stomach is empty are called…
a) rugae
b) the fundus
c) the pyloric sphincter
d) the muscularis layer
Rugae
All of the following are substances found in pancreatic juice EXCEPT:
a) amylase
b) lipase
c) pepsin
d) trypsin
Pepsin
Where does the most nutrient absorption occur?
a) esophagus & stomach
b) stomach & duodenum
c) jejunum & ileum
d) duodenum & jejunum
Duodenum & jejunum
