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Haematology > blood group antigens and antibodies > Flashcards

blood group antigens and antibodies Flashcards

1
Q

Proteins present on the surface of red cells

A

Red cell antigens

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2
Q

Red cell antigens are

A

Inherited

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3
Q

Most important red cell antigens

A

ABO and Rh

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4
Q

Antigen A has antibody

A

B in plasma

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5
Q

Antigen B has antibody

A

A in plasma

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6
Q

Antigen AB has antibody

A

No antibodies present

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7
Q

Blood group O has antibody

A

AB in plasma

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8
Q

What are blood group antigens

A

Complex structures present on red cell membrane that contain proteins and carbohydrates and often have a role

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9
Q

How are antigens produced

A

By the inheritance of certain genes which produce different antigen systems

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10
Q

Where are blood group antigens located on membrane

A

Glycolipid, glycoprotein molecules on RBC

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11
Q

The carbohydrate chain of membrane glycolipids carry antigens of

A

ABO,Hh,Li and P systems

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12
Q

Band 3 contains ABO,Hh, Li antigens

A
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13
Q

Glycophorin A contains these antigens

A

MN

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14
Q

Glycophorin B contains

A

Ss and U antigens

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15
Q

antibodies also called

A

immunoglobulins

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16
Q

What are antibodies

A

Protein molecules found in the plasma/serum , produced by the immune system following exposure to foreign antigens

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17
Q

An antibody binding to an antigen on the surface of the red cell results in

A

Red cell destruction

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18
Q

What stimulates Antibodies

A

Blood transfusion, i.e blood carries antigens foreign to patient

Fetal antigen entering maternal circulation in pregnancy/ birth

Environmental factors

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19
Q

Co dominant antigen include

A

A,B

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20
Q

Most clinically important blood group system

A

A,B

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21
Q

How are the ABO genes inherited

A

One from each parent, where the position 9 on each chromosome is occupied by either A,B OR O

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22
Q

Blood group O antigen

A

Has no detectable antigen

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23
Q

Blood group AB antibody

A

Has no detectable antibody

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24
Q

Blood group O mode of inheritance

A

Autosomal recessive

25
Q

Why cant you inherit two O genes

A

Because it is inherited as autosomal recessive and doesnt code for any enzyme to add unto the terminal end of O antigen. Hence they just have H antigen

26
Q

Phenotype A can express genotypes

A

AA and AO because O has no antigens to be expressed

27
Q

Phenotype B has genotype

A

BB and BO

28
Q

Phenotype AB has genotype

A

AB

29
Q

pHENOTYPE OO has genotype

A

OO

30
Q

H antigen and blood grouping

A

It is the foundation upon which A and B antigens are built

31
Q

H gene function

A

It codes for an enzyme that adds a sugar i.e fucose to terminal sugar of a precursor substance to form H antigen

32
Q

How is precursor substance formed

A

On an oligossacharide chain, and contains lipids and carbohydrates

33
Q

How does H antigen become the foundation of A,B antigens

A

A and B genes code for enzymes that add sugar to the H antigen

34
Q

The does A gene add onto A ntigen

A

Codes for the enzyme N- acetylgalactosaminyltransferase which adds N-acetylgalactoseamine to the terminal sugar of H antigen

35
Q

How does B gene add on to H antigen

A

B gene codes for the enzyme D-galactosyltransferase that adds D galactose to the terminal sugar of the H antigen

36
Q

Enzyme that codes for conversion of H gene to H antigene

A

L-fucosyltransferase

37
Q

ABO antibodies show in humans from age

A

6 months

38
Q

IgM antibodies location

A

only in plasma , do not cross placenta

39
Q

IgM and compliment

A

Igm antibodies fix complement to C9 so transfusion is very severe

40
Q

Bombay phenotype

A

H gene not inherited and cant form H antigen to form ABO genes

41
Q

Bombay phenotype can be likened to this phenotype

A

Phenotype O and can be differentiated using anti-H i.e cos they dont have H antigen

42
Q

Varieties of rhesus

A

Dominant- C,D,E

Recessive - c,d,e antigens

43
Q

What is the rhesus factor

A

A group of agglutinogens that are also present on the surface of RBC

44
Q

Antigen with the strongest antigenic effect

A

Antigen D

45
Q

If antigen D is present

A

Rhesus positive

46
Q

If antigen D is absent

A

Rhesus negative

47
Q

Rhesus locus is located on

A

Long arm of chromosome 1 containing 2 genes RHC, RHCE

48
Q

Rh gene inheritance

A

Inherited as codominant alleles

49
Q

Most important blood grouping system after abo

A

Rhesus

50
Q

There is no

A

d antigen

51
Q

Rh (D) STAUS OF AN INDIVIDUAL IS USALLY EXPRESSED AS

A

Blood group antigen and the positive or negative suffix after ABO type

52
Q

Rh D frequency

A

5-10% in blacks

15% in UK

0.3% in chinese

53
Q

What happens when D negative people are exposed to D antigen

A

They produce anti-D

54
Q

When is anti -D stimulated

A

Transfusion

Feto maternal hemorrhage

55
Q

mOST IMPORTANT BLOOD GROUPING IN REGARDS TO HEMOLYTIC DX OF NEWBORN

A

RHESUS

56
Q

Most commonly produced Rh antibody after anti-D

A

ANTI-c

57
Q

Anti-c usually produced in these people

A

D positive cos they are highly likely to have antigen c

58
Q

In rhesus is you have the antigen

A

you will have the antibody

Haematology (29 decks)

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