Blood flow and pressure regulation

Question 1

What is the general structure of a blood vessel from inwards to out?

Answer 1

endothelium
media - smooth muscle vascular
sympathetic nerves
adventitia

Question 2

What are the equations of Cardiac output CO and MAP?

Answer 2

CO= stroke volume x heart rate 
MAP = CO x TPR

Question 3

What is TPR determined by?

Answer 3

internal radius of small arteries

Question 4

What promotes local vasodilation?

Answer 4

high metabolic activity causes increase in lactate, hydrogen ions, potassium ions and adenosine

Question 5

Does an increase in CO2 and O2 cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction in the systemic how does this differ in pulmonary?

Answer 5

CO2 - vasodilation
O2 - vasoconstriction
opposite in pulmonary

Question 6

How does blood flow remain constant the brain?

Answer 6

increase pressure causes stretch in arteries however vasoconstriction occurs to regulate blood flow.

Question 7

What NT and receptor causes vascular smooth muscle contraction?

Answer 7

NT - NA

receptor - alpha 1 adrenoceptor

Question 8

What does Renin - angiotensin system regulate?

Answer 8

blood pressure
blood volume
Na+ & water intake and excretion

Question 9

Where is secretion of renin stimulated from and why?

Answer 9

juxtaglomerular cells in kidney  
due to: 
reduced b.p 
low plasma Na+ 
sympathetic stimulation e.g. b adrenoceptors