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CVRH Exam 1 > Blood Composition > Flashcards

Blood Composition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two components to blood?

A

Formed elements

Plasma

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2
Q

What is found in the formed elements?

A

Cells

Platelets

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3
Q

What is found in plasma?

A

Electrolytes
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids

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4
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The fraction of the total blood sample which is erythrocytes

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5
Q

What can cause normal increases in hematocrit?

A

High alt. long-time exposure
Chronic smoking
Dehydration

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6
Q

What can cause normal decreases in hematocrit?

A

Pregnancy, plasma volume increases faster than RBC mass

Iron/vitamin B12/Folate deficiencies

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7
Q

Average fraction for males and females for hematocrit?

A

39-50% males

35-45% females

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8
Q

Major functions of erythrocytes?

A

Oxygen and CO2 movement

Acid/Base buffer

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9
Q

What are the three granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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10
Q

What granulocyte is involved in virus/parasitic attacks and allergic reactions?

A

Eosinophils

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11
Q

What do eosinophils secrete to kill parasites and viruses?

A

Major basic protein

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12
Q

What granulocyte is critical in the fight against parasitic worms?

A

Basophils

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13
Q

What do basophils secrete in response to parasitic worms?

A

Histamine
Heparin
Peroxidases

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14
Q

Where do mast cells mature?

A

Resident like mucosal epithelial tissue of respiratory, genitourinary and digestive tracts

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15
Q

What are the lymphocytes?

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Natural killer cells

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16
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

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17
Q

Two roles of monocytes?

A

Phagocytic

Antigen-presenting cells for Th cell activation

18
Q

What generates platelets?

A

Megakaryocytes in bone marrow

19
Q

What is and UEC?

A

Basic metabolic panel

20
Q

What does UEC stand for?

A

Urea
Electrolyte
Creatinine

21
Q

What electrolytes are tested for in UEC?

A

Carbon dioxide; HCO3
Serum chloride
Serum potassium
Serum sodium

22
Q

What does electrolyte balance tell you?

A

Kidney
Liver
Heart function

23
Q

Where is albumin synthesized?

A

In the liver

24
Q

Functions of albumin?

A

Prevent edema
Transport hydrophobic and hydrophilic free FAs, hormones, drugs, toxins, etc.
Buffer
Can supply AAs on breakdown

25
Q

What is used for electrophoresis of serum proteins?

A

Cellulose acetate

26
Q

What does transthyretin (TTR) do?

A

Transports thyroxine and retinol

27
Q

What is transthyretin?

A

Prealbumin

28
Q

What is TTRs main function?

A

Primary carrier of thyroid hormones T3/T4

29
Q

What do T3/T4 do?

A

Major modulators of basic metabolic rate

30
Q

How can prealbumin levels tell a patient’s nutritional state?

A

Prealbumin (TTR) is the major carrier of T3/T4 which modulate the metabolic rate

31
Q

What activates fibrinogen?

A

Thrombin

32
Q

What does low free haptoglobulin levels reflect?

A

Abnormal increase in RBC hemolysis

33
Q

What is the function of haptoglobulin (alpha globulin)?

A

Binds hemoglobin released from erythrocytes to prevent its oxidation, the complex is removed from circulation by phagocytes in the spleen

34
Q

What is the role of vitamin c in iron absorption?

A

It catalyzes the change from Fe3+ ferric to Fe2+ ferrous which is more water soluble

35
Q

What forms iron complexes and decreases absorption?

A

Tannins (tea and wine)

Phytates (bran and seeds)

36
Q

What is the role of ferritin?

A

Stores and releases iron in a controlled fashion

37
Q

What are Kupffer cells role in iron regulation?

A

Phagocytosis of aged RBC in liver and releasing iron using ferroportin transporter (FP1)

38
Q

Where is ferroportin transporter FP1 found?

A

In the duodenal enterocytes and the liver

39
Q

What occurs when iron levels in the blood are too high?

A

Hepatocytes release the peptide hormone hepcidin which inhibits ferroportin transporters

40
Q

What does high levels of hepcidin cause systemically?

A

Low intestinal absorption and macrophage trapping of iron causing inflammation

41
Q

What does low levels of hepcidin cause systemically?

A

High intestinal absorption and macrophage release of iron causing hemochromatosis

CVRH Exam 1 (19 decks)

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