blood component and rhesus factor

Question 1

what is blood

Answer 1

blood is a fluid connective tissue

Question 2

what are the three functions of blood

Answer 2

transportation , regulation , protection

Question 3

transportation

Answer 3

oxygen from the lungs
carbon dioxide from the cells
nutrients from gi tract
hormones from endocrine gland
heat and waste away from cells

Question 4

regulation

Answer 4

acid base balance , body temperature , water content of cells

Question 5

protection

Answer 5

clotting prevents excessive blood loss , white blood cells protect against diseases

Question 6

what are the component of blood

Answer 6

plasma , white cells , rbc

Question 7

plasma

Answer 7

liquid portion of blood that acts as a transport medium

Question 8

where are red blood cells produced

Answer 8

within the bone marrow

Question 9

function of rbc

Answer 9

Produced within the bone marrow
* MAIN FUNCTION: To carry oxygen from the lungs to all
the cells of the body
* High surface-to-volume ratio to assist in the exchange
of gases
* They are the main contributor to blood viscosity
* A drop in red blood cells will lead to a lower viscosity=
blood will flow more rapidly
* Broken down in the spleen and liver
BICONCAVE
DISCS
Red Blood

Question 10

white blood cells

Answer 10

Account for 1% of the bloods cellular
content
* The majority of white cells are found in the
tissues not the blood
* The newborn baby has double the white
cell count of an adult (decreases by age 5-
10)
* White cells form part of the body’s
defence system
* Protective against viruses, parasites, toxins
and tumour cells

Question 11

platelets

Answer 11

Produced within the bone marrow
* They are able to phagocytose
small particles in virus and
immune complexes
* They store and transport histamine
and serotonin (affecting the
smooth muscles within vessels)
* Aid in healing
* Assist coagulation
COLOURLESS DISCOID SHAPES
Platelets

Question 12

Explain the role of glycoproteins on red blood cells in blood transfusion reactions and describe the potential issues that can arise with incompatible blood types

Answer 12

Red blood cells
contain glycoproteins
within the plasma
These are genetically
coded and therefore
inherited
These act as antigens= cause an
immune reaction if incompatible
blood enters the body
This would cause the red blood
cells to clump together and be
destroyed (agglutination)
There are over 400 antigens on the
surface of red cells and some cause
a more forceful reaction than others
The most common problems
occur with the ABO system
and the Rhesus system

Question 13

Describe the ABO blood group system, including the role of preformed antibodies (agglutinins) and the potential risks of receiving incompatible blood.

Answer 13

A unique factor within the ABO system is the presence of preformed antibodies
= Agglutinins
These are within the plasma
Blood group A has A antigens and anti-B antibodies
Blood group B has B antigens and anti-A antibodies
Blood group AB has A&B antigens and no antibodies
Blood group O no antigens but both anti-A & anti-B antibodies
Receiving blood from the wrong ABO group can be life-threatening. Example - If someone with group B
blood is given group A blood, their anti-A antibodies will attack the group A cells!

Question 14

when plasma is separated out what it be used for

Answer 14

blood transfusions , clotting , coagulation , immunoglobulins

Question 15

what is the rhesus factor

Answer 15

protein on blood is a person has it will be rhesus + if not will be -

Question 16

Explain the process of isoimmunization in Rh-negative women, the potential risks to future pregnancies, and the role of Anti-D immunoglobulin in preventing complications.

Answer 16

soimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative woman is exposed to Rh-positive fetal blood cells, typically due to a miscarriage, antepartum bleeding, or a sensitizing event during pregnancy.
If anti-D antibodies develop in the woman’s blood, these antibodies can cross the placenta in future pregnancies and attack the fetal red blood cells.
This can lead to serious complications such as:
Hemolytic anemia (destruction of fetal red blood cells),
Severe jaundice,
Hydrops fatalis (intrauterine anemia causing cardiac failure).
To prevent isoimmunization, Anti-D immunoglobulin is administered to the Rh-negative woman around 28 weeks of pregnancy and after any sensitizing event (e.g., miscarriage or trauma).
If the baby is Rh-positive, more Anti-D is given at birth to prevent the development of anti-D antibodies in the mother.