Blood/Cardiovascular system Flashcards
Blood
The only fluid connective tissue in the human body that takes up 8% of the body.
Color is a scarlet red when oxygenated. Color is a dull red when deoxygenated.
pH levels remain between 7.35-7.45
Temperature is at 100.4F
Average volume is around 5-6 liters.
Type A Blood
Type of blood that carries A-antigens and B-antibodies
Cannot mix with type B or AB blood.
Can mix with type A and O blood.
Type B Blood
Type of blood that carries B-antigens and A-antibodies.
Cannot mix with Type A or AB blood.
Can mix with type B and O Blood.
Type O Blood
Type of blood that carries no antigens and carries both A and B antibodies.
Is the universal donor and can only receive/mix with type O blood.
Type AB blood
Type of blood that has both A and B antigens.
Is a universal recipient(they can mix with any other types of blood.)
Erythrocytes
Red Blood cells
Function: Carry and distribute waste, nutrients and oxygen throughout the body
Has no nucleus, contains few organelles and carries large amounts of hemoglobin.
Leukocytes
White Blood cells
Function: Defends the body against disease and bacteria
Has a nucleus, organelles, and is able to move into and out of blood vessels with ease
Platelets
initiates clotting process when a blood vessel bursts.
Plasma
The liquid structure of blood.
Includes dissolved nutrients, salts, respiratory gas, hormones, plasma proteins, and waste products.
Granulocytes
A type of white blood cell that’s granules can be strained, possesses a lobed nucleus, and includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Agranulocytes
A type of white blood cells that lack visible granules, have a spherical nucleus, and includes lymphocytes and monocytes
Neutrophils
Type of granulocyte that has a multi-lobed nucleus with granules.
Attacks bacteria through phagocytosis
Eosinophils
type of granulocyte that has large brick-red granules and is found in response to allergies and parasitic worms.
Basophils
Type of granulocyte that contains histamine granules. Responsible for initiating inflammation, active in injury sites.
Monocyte
Type of agranulocyte where is the is the largest white blood cell and it initiates immune response to viruses.
Lymphocytes
Type of agranulocyte where the nucleus fills most of the cell and it is involved in the attacking of viruses and abnormal tissues.
Iron deficiency anemia
Results from abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content in the red blood cells. Decreasing the amount of oxygen that reaching your body.
Sickle Cell anemia
A genetic disorder where your blood cells are abnormally shaped(like a crescent moon)
Polycythemia
An excessive or abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the body
Leukocytosis
An excessive or abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells in the body.
Leukemia
The overproduction of white blood cells.
Take the places of red blood cells. Treatable with bone marrow transplants, chemotherapy, and radiation.
Hemophilia
A hereditary bleeding disorder where normal clotting factors are missing.
Takes a long time to stop bleeding.
Beta Thalassemia
A hereditary blood disorder in which the body doesn’t as much beta globin as it should.
Hemoglobin
Iron-containing proteins that bind strongly to oxygen found in red blood cells.
Function to pick of oxygen into the red blood cells from the lungs.
Pulmonary Circulation
Eliminates carbon dioxide from the blood and oxygenates blood from the lungs pathway.
Systemic Circulation
Picks of carbon dioxide from the body and distributes oxygen throughout the rest of it.
Pericardium
A heart covering that has a double serious membrane
Visceral pericardium
A heart covering membrane found next to the heart
Parietal pericardium
A heart covering membrane that surrounds the outside of the heart.
Serous Fluid
Fluid that fills the spaces between the layers of the pericardium
The Three Heart Layers
Epicardium: the outer layer of the heart that is a connective tissue.
Myocardium: Middle layer of the heart made up of mostly cardiac muscle.
Endocardium: The inner layer of the heart that is mostly made up of endothelium.
Arteries
Blood vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and has a large external elastic layer
Veins
Blood vessels that transport deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart and has no external elastic layer. It has valves to prevent back flow.
Valves
Allow blood to flow in only one direction and prevents back flow.
Consists of the atrioventricular(between atria and ventricles) valve, Bicuspid Valve(left), Tricuspid Valve(right), and the Semilunar valve(between ventricles and arteries)
Chambers of the Heart
Right Atrium(holds deoxygenated blood)
Right Ventricle(holds deoxygenated blood)
Left Atrium(holds oxygenated blood)
Left Ventricle(holds oxygenated blood)
Cardiac Cycle
One complete heartbeat
Stroke Volume
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction
Cardiac Output
The amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute
CO=(heart rate) x(stroke volume)
Diastole
Relaxation of the heart
Systole
Contraction of the heart
Factors that regulate heart rate
High or low blood pressure
exercise
hormones
stress
certain foods
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Blood Pressure
Measurements made by healthy professionals that count the pressure of large arteries.
Systolic Pressure
pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction
Diastolic pressure
pressure when the ventricles relax
Hypertension
High systolic pressure(contraction) that can be majorly dangerous
Hypotension
Low systolic pressure (contraction)that is often associated with sickness.
Coronary Heart Disease
when the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle get blocked.
Angina Pectoris
when part of the coronary arteries are blocked
Myocardial infarction
Fully blocked coronary arteries
HEART ATTACK
Venules
A small vein that connects to capillaries and collects blood.
arterioles
A small artery that connects to capillaries and gives deoxygenated blood.
capillaries
Connect arteries and veins together, the reason for why blood can flow between arteries, veins, and back to the heart without issues.
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
is a surgical procedure to treat coronary artery disease
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
a minimally invasive procedure to open blocked or stenosed coronary arteries allowing unobstructed blood flow to the myocardium.
