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ANS 206 > Blood/Body Fluids > Flashcards

Blood/Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

Blood first function

A

Distribution of nutrients from digestive tract

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2
Q

Blood transport functions

A

Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products, hormones

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3
Q

Blood assist functions

A

Assists in body temperature regulation, maintaining body pH, prevention of blood loss, body’s defense mechanisms

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4
Q

Plasma definition

A

Fluid in blood

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5
Q

What is dissolved in plasma

A

Proteins, electrolytes, and other substances

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6
Q

What cell and cell-like elements are in plasma

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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7
Q

Blood volume definition

A

Total amount of blood in an animal’s body, including formed elements and plasma

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8
Q

Typical values of blood volume

A

7-9%

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9
Q

How much blood volume is in the pulmonary circuit

A

20%

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10
Q

How much blood volume is in the systemic circulation

A

80%

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11
Q

Hematocrit definition

A

Portion of blood that consists of red blood cells

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12
Q

What happens if hematocrit levels are too high or too low

A

Dehydration, anemia, other medial disorders

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13
Q

What else is hematocrit referred as

A

Packed cell volume

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14
Q

How do we measure hematocrit

A

Blood sample is centrifuged in a tube and the red blood cells packs at the bottom of the tube

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15
Q

How does blood get its red color

A

From the hemoglobin that is present on erythrocytes

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16
Q

Why does plasma have a yellow color

A

The presence of bilirubin- breakdown product of hemoglobin

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17
Q

What is the pH of blood

A

Around 7.4

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18
Q

Leukocytes can be broken into two categories

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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19
Q

What is included in granulocytes

A

Eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils

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20
Q

What is included in agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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21
Q

Erythrocytes anatomy

A

Biconcave discs, no nuclei

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22
Q

Erythrocytes function

A

Carries hemoglobin and provides more surface area for gaseous exchange

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23
Q

Hemoglobin definition

A

Major protein that consists of 4 amino acid chains held together

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24
Q

Amino acids in hemoglobin

A

The four amino acid chains make up the “goblin” and each amino acid has an atom of iron that makes up the “heme”

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25
Hemoglobin function
Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
26
What is oxyhemoglobin
Oxygen will bind to the iron found in the heme group
27
What process is oxyhemoglobin a part of
Oxygenation
28
What is carbaminohemogoblin
When carbon dioxides binds to the alpha amino group
29
Methemoglobin definition
Hemoglobin is unable to transport oxygen because the iron is in an improper state
30
Carboxyhemogoblin definition
Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin
31
Erythropoiesis definition
Production of erythrocytes
32
What hormone regulates erythropoiesis
erythropoietin
33
Erythropoietin function
Acts on cells in bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells
34
Monocyte-macrophage system definition
Removes and recycles old red blood cells
35
Jaundice
Yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and/or sclera from accumulation of bilirubin. Bilirubin accumulates due to liver damage, occultation of bile ducts, increased rate or erythrocyte destruction
36
Hemolysis
Breakdown of erythrocytes and release of hemoglobin. Caused by bacterial toxins, snake venoms, blood parasites, hypotonic solutions
37
Hemagglutination
Clumping of red blood cells, occurs from improper blood transfusions
38
Anemia
When number of red blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin is below normal. Due to deficient blood formation, diseases of bone marrow, kidney disease, poor nutrition, destruction of red blood cells (hemorrhage or parasites)
39
Hemoconcentration
Decrease in fluid component of blood; caused by excessively high red blood cell count (due to inadequate water intake or excessive loss of fluids)
40
What are platelets known as
Thrombocytes
41
What are thrombocytes a fragment of
Megakaryocytes
42
Megakaryocytes definition
Large cells formed and reside in bone marrow
43
Where is a majority of platelets stored
2/3 in the spleen
44
Platelets definition
Reduces loss of blood from injured cells, forms a clot (thrombus), releases of substances that help stimulate clotting and cause local constriction of blood vessels
45
How are leukocytes classified
Based on presence or absence of cytoplasmic granule from wright’s stain
46
Wright’s stain
Contains acid dye called eosin (red) and basic dye called methylene blue (blue)
47
If the blood has a cytoplasmic granule what is considered
Granulocytes
48
What color does neutrophils stain as
Indifferent
49
What color does eosinophils stain as
Red
50
What color does basophils stain as
Blue
51
Neutrophils definition
First line of defense, constitute largest percentage of total leukocyte number
52
After injury, neutrophils quickly invade due to the release of
Chemotactic factors
53
Chemotactic definition
Compounds that attract neutrophils
54
What are neutrophils and the function
Phagocytes; engulf invading bacteria to destroy it (phagocytosis)
55
What happens during phagocytosis
Neutrophils releases enzyme that contribute to local inflammation, which causes many neutrophils to die
56
Pus definition
Semiliquid material that results from collective responses of microbial invasion; contains neutrophils and cellular debris
57
Abscess definition
Accumulation of pus that has been isolated by formation of surrounding connective tissue
58
Eosinophils function
Increases in number during allergic conditions and parasitism; helps remove antigen-antibody complexes, stimulate allergic responses, inhibit production of mediators of allergic responses (histamine)
59
What two things are found in basophils
Heparin and histamine
60
Heparin definition
Helps prevent blood clots
61
Histamine definition
Relaxes smooth muscle of blood vessels and constricts smooth muscle in airways
62
If the stain does not have cytoplasmic granule, what is it considered
Agranulocyte
63
Largest white blood cell, phagocytic; becomes even large when enters tissue
Monocytes
64
Monocyte function
Initiation and regulation of inflammatory and immune responses
65
Second most prevalent circulating leukocyte but is more prevalent
Lymphocytes
66
Lymphocytes anatomy
Large nucleus surrounded by small amount of cytoplasm
67
Three general types of lymphocytes
B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, NK cells
68
B lymphocytes definition
Associated with production of antibodies
69
T lymphocytes definition
Associated with cell-mediated immunity
70
NK cells definition
Recognize and destroy cells infected with viruses
71
Plasma percentages
92% water and 8% other substances
72
What is consisted of the 8% of plasma
Na and Cl, glucose, proteins (albumin and globulin), lipids, ions, hormones, gases, internal environment
73
Albumin function
Many small compounds and electrolytes bind to it, circulated into plasma, prevents loss of urine
74
Globulin function
Transportation, body defense, blood clotting (fibrinogen)
75
How is plasma gathered
Anticoagulant; undisturbed cells settles at bottom, leaves straw of color liquid above (plasma)
76
What is serum
Plasma minus clotting factors (fibrinogen)
77
Red top
Used to collect serum, contains either no additive or silica (blood will clot)
78
Tiger top
Used to collect serum, blood will clot but has SST (clot activator and contains gel for serum separation)
79
Blue top
Used to collect plasma and contain additive citrate
80
Green top
Collect plasma and contain additive lithium or sodium heparin
81
Gray top
Collect plasma and contain additive sodium fluoride or potassium oxalate
82
Purple top
Plasma and 3 different additives; EDTA, K2 EDTA, K3 EDTA
83
Hemostasis three basic reactions
Constriction of smooth muscle of the injured vessel to reduce opening, formation of platelet plug to occlude opening, clot formation
84
When platelets aggregate, what two components are produced to help platelet grow and bring to constriction
Thromboxane and prostacyclin
85
What helps inhibit thromboxane and prostacyclin
Aspirin
86
What is the ultimate product of blood coagulation
Clot
87
Clot anatomy
Relatively solid from strands of fibrin that are cross-linked (intrinsic clotting pathway)
88
What does the intrinsic clotting pathway includes
Proteolytic enzymes (clotting factors) in an inactive form; when one converts to active it activates next. At end, prothrombin becomes throbin (initiates conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin)

ANS 206 (11 decks)

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