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ANS 206 > Blood/Body Fluids > Flashcards

Blood/Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

Blood first function

A

Distribution of nutrients from digestive tract

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2
Q

Blood transport functions

A

Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products, hormones

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3
Q

Blood assist functions

A

Assists in body temperature regulation, maintaining body pH, prevention of blood loss, body’s defense mechanisms

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4
Q

Plasma definition

A

Fluid in blood

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5
Q

What is dissolved in plasma

A

Proteins, electrolytes, and other substances

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6
Q

What cell and cell-like elements are in plasma

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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7
Q

Blood volume definition

A

Total amount of blood in an animal’s body, including formed elements and plasma

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8
Q

Typical values of blood volume

A

7-9%

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9
Q

How much blood volume is in the pulmonary circuit

A

20%

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10
Q

How much blood volume is in the systemic circulation

A

80%

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11
Q

Hematocrit definition

A

Portion of blood that consists of red blood cells

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12
Q

What happens if hematocrit levels are too high or too low

A

Dehydration, anemia, other medial disorders

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13
Q

What else is hematocrit referred as

A

Packed cell volume

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14
Q

How do we measure hematocrit

A

Blood sample is centrifuged in a tube and the red blood cells packs at the bottom of the tube

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15
Q

How does blood get its red color

A

From the hemoglobin that is present on erythrocytes

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16
Q

Why does plasma have a yellow color

A

The presence of bilirubin- breakdown product of hemoglobin

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17
Q

What is the pH of blood

A

Around 7.4

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18
Q

Leukocytes can be broken into two categories

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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19
Q

What is included in granulocytes

A

Eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils

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20
Q

What is included in agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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21
Q

Erythrocytes anatomy

A

Biconcave discs, no nuclei

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22
Q

Erythrocytes function

A

Carries hemoglobin and provides more surface area for gaseous exchange

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23
Q

Hemoglobin definition

A

Major protein that consists of 4 amino acid chains held together

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24
Q

Amino acids in hemoglobin

A

The four amino acid chains make up the “goblin” and each amino acid has an atom of iron that makes up the “heme”

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25
Q

Hemoglobin function

A

Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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26
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin

A

Oxygen will bind to the iron found in the heme group

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27
Q

What process is oxyhemoglobin a part of

A

Oxygenation

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28
Q

What is carbaminohemogoblin

A

When carbon dioxides binds to the alpha amino group

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29
Q

Methemoglobin definition

A

Hemoglobin is unable to transport oxygen because the iron is in an improper state

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30
Q

Carboxyhemogoblin definition

A

Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin

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31
Q

Erythropoiesis definition

A

Production of erythrocytes

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32
Q

What hormone regulates erythropoiesis

A

erythropoietin

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33
Q

Erythropoietin function

A

Acts on cells in bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells

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34
Q

Monocyte-macrophage system definition

A

Removes and recycles old red blood cells

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35
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and/or sclera from accumulation of bilirubin. Bilirubin accumulates due to liver damage, occultation of bile ducts, increased rate or erythrocyte destruction

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36
Q

Hemolysis

A

Breakdown of erythrocytes and release of hemoglobin. Caused by bacterial toxins, snake venoms, blood parasites, hypotonic solutions

37
Q

Hemagglutination

A

Clumping of red blood cells, occurs from improper blood transfusions

38
Q

Anemia

A

When number of red blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin is below normal. Due to deficient blood formation, diseases of bone marrow, kidney disease, poor nutrition, destruction of red blood cells (hemorrhage or parasites)

39
Q

Hemoconcentration

A

Decrease in fluid component of blood; caused by excessively high red blood cell count (due to inadequate water intake or excessive loss of fluids)

40
Q

What are platelets known as

A

Thrombocytes

41
Q

What are thrombocytes a fragment of

A

Megakaryocytes

42
Q

Megakaryocytes definition

A

Large cells formed and reside in bone marrow

43
Q

Where is a majority of platelets stored

A

2/3 in the spleen

44
Q

Platelets definition

A

Reduces loss of blood from injured cells, forms a clot (thrombus), releases of substances that help stimulate clotting and cause local constriction of blood vessels

45
Q

How are leukocytes classified

A

Based on presence or absence of cytoplasmic granule from wright’s stain

46
Q

Wright’s stain

A

Contains acid dye called eosin (red) and basic dye called methylene blue (blue)

47
Q

If the blood has a cytoplasmic granule what is considered

A

Granulocytes

48
Q

What color does neutrophils stain as

A

Indifferent

49
Q

What color does eosinophils stain as

A

Red

50
Q

What color does basophils stain as

A

Blue

51
Q

Neutrophils definition

A

First line of defense, constitute largest percentage of total leukocyte number

52
Q

After injury, neutrophils quickly invade due to the release of

A

Chemotactic factors

53
Q

Chemotactic definition

A

Compounds that attract neutrophils

54
Q

What are neutrophils and the function

A

Phagocytes; engulf invading bacteria to destroy it (phagocytosis)

55
Q

What happens during phagocytosis

A

Neutrophils releases enzyme that contribute to local inflammation, which causes many neutrophils to die

56
Q

Pus definition

A

Semiliquid material that results from collective responses of microbial invasion; contains neutrophils and cellular debris

57
Q

Abscess definition

A

Accumulation of pus that has been isolated by formation of surrounding connective tissue

58
Q

Eosinophils function

A

Increases in number during allergic conditions and parasitism; helps remove antigen-antibody complexes, stimulate allergic responses, inhibit production of mediators of allergic responses (histamine)

59
Q

What two things are found in basophils

A

Heparin and histamine

60
Q

Heparin definition

A

Helps prevent blood clots

61
Q

Histamine definition

A

Relaxes smooth muscle of blood vessels and constricts smooth muscle in airways

62
Q

If the stain does not have cytoplasmic granule, what is it considered

A

Agranulocyte

63
Q

Largest white blood cell, phagocytic; becomes even large when enters tissue

A

Monocytes

64
Q

Monocyte function

A

Initiation and regulation of inflammatory and immune responses

65
Q

Second most prevalent circulating leukocyte but is more prevalent

A

Lymphocytes

66
Q

Lymphocytes anatomy

A

Large nucleus surrounded by small amount of cytoplasm

67
Q

Three general types of lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, NK cells

68
Q

B lymphocytes definition

A

Associated with production of antibodies

69
Q

T lymphocytes definition

A

Associated with cell-mediated immunity

70
Q

NK cells definition

A

Recognize and destroy cells infected with viruses

71
Q

Plasma percentages

A

92% water and 8% other substances

72
Q

What is consisted of the 8% of plasma

A

Na and Cl, glucose, proteins (albumin and globulin), lipids, ions, hormones, gases, internal environment

73
Q

Albumin function

A

Many small compounds and electrolytes bind to it, circulated into plasma, prevents loss of urine

74
Q

Globulin function

A

Transportation, body defense, blood clotting (fibrinogen)

75
Q

How is plasma gathered

A

Anticoagulant; undisturbed cells settles at bottom, leaves straw of color liquid above (plasma)

76
Q

What is serum

A

Plasma minus clotting factors (fibrinogen)

77
Q

Red top

A

Used to collect serum, contains either no additive or silica (blood will clot)

78
Q

Tiger top

A

Used to collect serum, blood will clot but has SST (clot activator and contains gel for serum separation)

79
Q

Blue top

A

Used to collect plasma and contain additive citrate

80
Q

Green top

A

Collect plasma and contain additive lithium or sodium heparin

81
Q

Gray top

A

Collect plasma and contain additive sodium fluoride or potassium oxalate

82
Q

Purple top

A

Plasma and 3 different additives; EDTA, K2 EDTA, K3 EDTA

83
Q

Hemostasis three basic reactions

A

Constriction of smooth muscle of the injured vessel to reduce opening, formation of platelet plug to occlude opening, clot formation

84
Q

When platelets aggregate, what two components are produced to help platelet grow and bring to constriction

A

Thromboxane and prostacyclin

85
Q

What helps inhibit thromboxane and prostacyclin

A

Aspirin

86
Q

What is the ultimate product of blood coagulation

A

Clot

87
Q

Clot anatomy

A

Relatively solid from strands of fibrin that are cross-linked (intrinsic clotting pathway)

88
Q

What does the intrinsic clotting pathway includes

A

Proteolytic enzymes (clotting factors) in an inactive form; when one converts to active it activates next. At end, prothrombin becomes throbin (initiates conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin)

ANS 206 (11 decks)

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