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Anatomy Test Three Material > Blood and Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Blood and Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the total volume of blood in the human body? (liters and percent body weight)

A

6L or 7-8%

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2
Q

What are the 5 main functions of blood?

A
  • Delivery of O2 and nutrients to cells
  • Transport of wastes and CO2 from cells
  • Transport of hormones and other regulatory substances
  • Maintenance of homeostasis by acting as buffer and participating in coagulation and thermoregulation
  • Protective role via transport of immune cells and immune components
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3
Q

All formed elements of blood arise from what?

A

All arise from a hematopoietic stem cell

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4
Q

What are the two main cells in blood?

A

RBC (erythrocytes) and WBC (leukocytes)

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5
Q

What are cell fragments found in blood?

A

Thrombocytes (platelets)

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6
Q

What is the plasma of the blood?

A

Protein rich, fluid extracellular matrix

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7
Q

Define hematocrit.

A

Volume of packed RBC in a sample of blood

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8
Q

What are the three layers of blood after centrifugation?

A

Plasma, buffy coat, and erythrocytes

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9
Q

What is the relative volume of RBC in blood?

A

45%

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10
Q

What is the relative volume of the buffy coat?

A

1%

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11
Q

What is the relative volume of plasma?

A

55%

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12
Q

What is a normal male hematocrit value?

A

39-50%

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13
Q

What is a normal female hematocrit value?

A

35-45%

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14
Q

What are the three main components and percent distributions of plasma?

A

Water (92%), Proteins (7%), and other solutes (1%)

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15
Q

What are the three main plasma proteins?

A

Albumin, globulins, and firbrinogen

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16
Q

What are the “other solutes” found in plasma?

A

Electrolytes, non-protein nitrogen substances (i.e., waste materials), nutrients, blood gases, regulatory substances

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17
Q

Albumin makes up about how much of the volume of all three plasma proteins found in plasma?

A

50%

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18
Q

Where is albumin made?

A

Liver

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19
Q

What are the two main functions of albumin?

A
  • Exerts concentration gradient; helps maintain osmotic pressure
  • Acts as carrier protein, for substances such as hormones, metabolites, and drugs
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20
Q

What are the two kinds of globulins found in plasma?

A

Immunoglobulins (gamma-globulins) and nonimune globulins (alpha- and beta-globulins)

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21
Q

What are gamma globulins of blood plasma?

A

Antibodies secreted by plasma cells

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22
Q

Nonimmune globulins are produced where?

A

The liver

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23
Q

What do nonimmune globulins in plasma do?

A

Help maintain osmotic pressure and serve as carrier proteins

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24
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen?

A

Via series of cascade reactions, transformed into insoluble protein fibrin which helps form blot clots

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25
Q

What is serum?

A

The same thing as blood plasma, but the clotting factors have been removed

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26
Q

What is a blood smear?

A

Drop of blood placed directly on slide and spread thinly over surface with edge of another slide

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27
Q

What is blood stained with?

A

Wright’s stain

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28
Q

What is Wright’s stain?

A

Mixture of methylene blue (basic), azures (basic), and eosin (acidic)

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29
Q

What is the main function of RBC?

A

Bind and deliver O2 (99%) to tissues and bind CO2 (30%) to remove from tissues

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30
Q

What are the dimensions of RBC?

A

Diameter of 7.8μm, edge thickness of 2.6 μm, and central thickness of 0.8 μm

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31
Q

Why are RBC shaped the way they are?

A

This shape maximizes surface area that is important in gas exchange

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32
Q

Why are RBC sometimes called the “histologic ruler?”

A

Because they have a relatively constant shape and diameter in fixed tissue of 7-8 micrometers in diameter

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33
Q

Production of RBCs occurs where?

A

Red bone marrow via erythropoiesis

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34
Q

What is the life span of a RBC?

A

120 days

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35
Q

What is the rate of release of RBC?

A

2 million/second

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36
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

Specialized protein involved in binding, transporting, and releasing O2 and CO2

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37
Q

What is the structure of hemoglobin?

A
  • Four polypeptide chains of globin (α, β, δ, γ)

- Four iron-containing heme groups

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38
Q

Iron in heme binds how many O2 molecules?

A

One

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39
Q

How many oxygen molecules can be bound in one hemoglobin molecule?

A

Four

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40
Q

The most common type of hemoglobin is made up of what polypeptide chains?

A

Two α and two β chains

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41
Q

Leukocytes are subclassified into two general groups based on what?

A

Based upon presence or absence of prominent SPECIFIC GRANULES within cytoplasm and the SHAPE OF THEIR NUCLEI

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42
Q

What are the two subclassifications of leukocytes?

A

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes and mononuclear agranulocytes

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43
Q

What are the main features of polymorphonuclear granulocytes?

A

Contain specific granules and have multilobed nuclei; also possess azurophilic granules

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44
Q

What are the three polymorphonuclear granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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45
Q

What are the main features of mononuclear agranulocytes?

A

No specific granules and have rounded nuclei; do contain azurophilic granules

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46
Q

What are the two mononuclear agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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47
Q

What are the three lymphocytes?

A

B and T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells

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48
Q

What percent of leukocytes are neutrophils?

A

49-67%

49
Q

What is the diameter of a neutrophil?

A

12-15 micrometer

50
Q

What does the cytoplasm look like in neutrophils?

A

Small faint lavender granules

51
Q

What do the granules in the cytoplasm of neutrophils contain?

A

Lysozyme (specific granules) and perozidases (azurophilic granules)

52
Q

What does the nucleus of a neutrophil look like?

A

Darkish; several lobes (2-5)

53
Q

What are the three functions of neutrophils?

A
  • First responders to infection
  • Acute inflammation
  • Phagocytose bacteria within tissues; accumulate as pus
54
Q

Eosinophils comprise what percent of leukocytes?

A

1-5%

55
Q

What is the diameter of an eosinophil?

A

12-15 micrometers

56
Q

What does the cytoplasm of an eosinophil look like?

A

Large coarse acidophilic granules

57
Q

What are the contents of the granules in eosinophils?

A

Peroxidase, histaminase,

arylsulfatase

58
Q

What does the nucleus of an eosinophil look like?

A

Light, bilobed

59
Q

What is the function of an eosinophil?

A
  • Contribute to defense of parasitic infections (major role in defense against helminths
    (worms) )
  • Associated with allergies; release of histaminase & arylsulfatase moderates potentially harmful effects of inflammatory vasoactive mediators
  • Chronic Inflammation
60
Q

What is the percent abundance of a basophil?

A

0.0-0.3%

61
Q

What is the diameter of a basophil?

A

12-15 micrometer

62
Q

What is contained in the cytoplasm of a basophil?

A

Large coarse basophilic granules

63
Q

What make up the granules of a basophil?

A

Histamine, serotonin, heparin sulfate

64
Q

What does the nucleus of a basophil look like?

A

Light and bilobed; may be difficult to see

65
Q

What is the function of a basophil?

A

-Involved in regulating immune response
to parasites
-Role in allergies via release of vasoactive agents (e.g. histamine)

66
Q

Lymphocytes comprise what percent of leukocytes?

A

26-28%

67
Q

What is the diameter of a lymphocyte?

A

6-18 micrometers

68
Q

What does the cytoplasm of a lymphocyte look like?

A

Narrow rim of blue cytoplasm

69
Q

What does the nucleus of a lymphocyte look like?

A

Very dark, takes up all of the cell,

round, slightly indented (can be somewhat triangular in shape)

70
Q

T lymphocytes are involved in what kind of immunity?

A

Adaptive immune cells; cell-mediated immunity

71
Q

B lymphocytes are involved in what kind of immunity?

A

Adaptive immune cells; humoral immunity

72
Q

T lymphocytes mature where?

A

In the thymus

73
Q

B lymphocytes produce what?

A

Antibodies

74
Q

NK cells are involved in what kind of immunity?

A

Innate immune cells

75
Q

NK cells attack and kill what?

A

Kill virally infected and malignant cells

76
Q

Monocytes are what percent of leukocytes?

A

3-9%

77
Q

What is the diameter of a monocyte?

A

12-20 micrometers

78
Q

What does the cytoplasm of a monocyte look like?

A

Grey “foamy” texture

79
Q

What does the nucleus of a monocyte look like?

A

Darkish; large, off-center; oval,

kidney, or horseshoe shaped

80
Q

What does a monocyte differentiate into?

A

Macrophage

81
Q

What is the function of a terminally differentiated monocyte?

A

As macrophages, serve as phagocytic cells involved in antigen presentation

82
Q

Of the leukocytes which are the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil

83
Q

Of the leukocytes which are agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

84
Q

Thrombocytes are derived from large cells within the bone marrow called what?

A

Megakaryocytes

85
Q

What is the size of a platelet?

A

2-3 micrometer

86
Q

What is the lifespan of a platelet?

A

~10 days

87
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Blood clot formation and repair of tears in blood vessel walls

88
Q

What is the term for process of blood cell production and maturation?

A

Hematopoiesis

89
Q

What are the names of the the processes that create the three formed elements in blood?

A

Erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis, and thrombopoiesis

90
Q

Hematopoiesis takes place in what three embryonic phases before birth?

A

Yolk sac phase, hepatic phase, and bone marrow phase

91
Q

What is the pluripotent cell that gives rise to all formed elements of blood?

A

Hematopoietic stem cell

92
Q

What is the monophyletic theory?

A

All blood cells are derived from a common pluripotential stem cell: hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), Capable not only of differentiating into all the blood cell lineages, but also capable of self-renewal

93
Q

In the bone marrow, descendents of the HSC can differentiate into what 2 major colonies of mulitpotential progenitor cells?

A

1) Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP)

2) Common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP)

94
Q

Common myeloid progenitor cells give rise to what cells?

A

Megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor cell and granulocyte/monocyte progenitor cell

95
Q

Megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor cells give rise to what?

A

Megakaryocyte and erythrocyte progenitor cells

96
Q

Granulocyte/monocyte progenitor cells give rise to what?

A

Neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil, and monocyte progenitor cells

97
Q

Common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP) cells give rise to what?

A

Pre-NK, Pre-T, and Pre-B cells

98
Q

Progenitor cells give rise to what?

A

Precursor cells or blasts

99
Q

What does HCS stand for?

A

Hematopoietic stem cell

100
Q

What does CMP stand for?

A

Common myeloid progenitor cells

101
Q

What does MEP stand for?

A

Megakaryocyte/Erythrocyte progenitor cell

102
Q

What does ErP stand for?

A

Erythrocyte-Committed Progenitor

103
Q

Starting with Proerythroblast state all the stages of erythropoiesis to a RBC.

A

Proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast, orthochromatic erythroblast, polychromatophilic erythrocyte (reticulocyte), RBC

104
Q

Granulopoiesis gives rise to what?

A

Eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils

105
Q

Monocytopoiesis gives rise to what?

A

Monocytes

106
Q

Lymphopoiesis gives rise to what?

A

B, T, and NK cells

107
Q

The band cell is only present in what line of granulopoiesis?

A

Neutrophil morphologic maturation

108
Q

What are the general stages of granulopoiesis?

A

Myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, (band cell*), mature cell

109
Q

What is the ploidy number of a megakaryocyte?

A

64N

110
Q

What is the diameter of a megakaryocyte?

A

50-70 micrometers

111
Q

What is endomitosis?

A

Chromosomes replicate, but neither karyokinesis nor cytokinesis occurs

112
Q

Megakaryocytes are located near _______(1) within bone marrow, and send off cytoplasmic extensions that break off as ________(2)

A

(1) sinusoids

(2) platelets

113
Q

The foamy peripheral cytoplasmic appearance of a megakaryocyte represents what?

A

Area where segmentation of platelets is occurring

114
Q

Bone marrow is located where?

A

Within medullary cavity and spaces of spongy bone

115
Q

Bone marrow consists of what?

A

Sinusoids (sinusoidal capillaries) and hematopoietic cords

116
Q

What are in hematopoietic cords?

A

Developing blood cells, megakaryocytes, macrophages, mast cells, adipocytes

117
Q

What are adventitial cells?

A

Reticular cells that Send sheetlike extensions into hematopoietic cords that will provide support for developing blood cells; stimulate differentiation of progenitor cells

118
Q

What happens to the number of hematopoitic cells as we age?

A

They decrease

Anatomy Test Three Material (12 decks)

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