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Anatomy & Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood made up of?

A

red blood cells (45%), white blood cells, platelets, and plasma

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2
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

biconcave discs that are about 1/3 hemoglobin

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3
Q

What’s another name for red blood cells?

A

erythrocytes

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4
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

the substance that binds to oxygen and allows red blood cells to transport them through the bloodstream

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5
Q

What happens when hemoglobin binds to oxygen?

A

it creates the bright red color - unbound hemoglobin appears darker/looks blue through the blood vessels

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6
Q

What produces red blood cells?

A

red bone marrow

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7
Q

What hormone controls the rate of red blood cell production?

A

erythropoietin

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8
Q

What organs release erythropoietin?

A

the liver and the kidneys

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9
Q

When is erythropoietin released?

A

during times of oxygen deficiency

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10
Q

What is essential for red blood cell production?

A

vitamin b12, folic acid, and iron

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11
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

help fight against disease

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12
Q

What’s another name for white blood cells?

A

leukocytes

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13
Q

What happens when blood transports white blood cells?

A

they are brought to areas of infection and they leave the bloodstream and attempt to protect the body from illnesses/foreign bodies

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14
Q

What can white blood cells be broken down into?

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

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15
Q

What do granulocytes contain?

A

granular cytoplasm (dots in cytoplasm)

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16
Q

How big is a granulocyte?

A

two times the size of a red blood cell

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17
Q

Where do granulocytes develop?

A

in red bone marrow

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18
Q

What do granulocytes include?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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19
Q

What is the most common type of white blood cell?

A

neutrophils

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20
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

act as the first line defense against any bacterial microorganism by capturing and destroying “bad cells”

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21
Q

What does the destruction of bad cells by neutrophils cause?

A

redness and swelling in the area where the bad cells were

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22
Q

What happens after neutrophils destroy bad cells?

A

the neutrophils help start tissue repair

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23
Q

What do eosinophils cause?

A

inflammation during their attack on negative cells

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24
Q

What do eosinophils attack?

A

parasites and some infections

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25
Q

What is the biggest white blood cell?

A

basophils

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26
Q

What is the rarest type of white blood cell?

A

basophils

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27
Q

What do agranulocytes lack?

A

dots in the cytoplasm

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28
Q

What are agranulocytes made up of?

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

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29
Q

What are monocytes?

A

the firefighters of the cell

30
Q

What can monocytes do?

A

remove dead cells from the body

31
Q

What can monocytes be separated into?

A

dendritic cells and macrophages

32
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

act as the call center and help recruit other cells to help fight infections

33
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

defend the frontline by absorbing negative cells and destroying then

34
Q

What are the two main types of lymphocytes?

A

t lymphocytes and b lymphocytes

35
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

form memory cells that can remember viruses/bacteria and help destroy them

36
Q

What do t lymphocytes do?

A

control immune response in the body and directly attack infected/tumor cells

37
Q

What can t lymphocytes be broken down into?

A

cytotoxic t cells, helper t cells, and regulatory/suppressor t cells

38
Q

What do cytotoxic t cells do?

A

attach to antigens on infected cells and then make holes in these cells’ membrane and insert enzymes to destroy it

39
Q

What kinds of cells do cytotoxic t cells target?

A

foreign cells, viral cells, cancer cells, and tumor cells

40
Q

What do helper t cells do?

A

help other immune cells, some assist b cells in making antibodies while others activate cytotoxic t cells

41
Q

What do regulatory/suppressor t cells do?

A

make substances that help end immune response

42
Q

Why is what regulatory/suppressor t cells do important?

A

it prevents the body from attacking itself (autoimmune disorders)

43
Q

What can b cells be broken down into?

A

primary immune response and secondary immune response

44
Q

What happens during primary immune response?

A

an antigen binds to a receptor and b cells are stimulated, they then transform into memory or plasma cells

45
Q

What do memory cells do?

A

recall prior infections and determine if a cell needs to be destroyed

46
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

make antibodies for specific antigens in order to destroy them

47
Q

What happens during secondary immune response?

A

memory cells detect an infection and multiply, they then change into plasma cells and release antibodies

48
Q

What is blood coagulation?

A

the formation of a blood clot, it is the most effective mechanism for the stoppage of bleeding

49
Q

What is a blood clot that forms abnormally called?

A

a thrombus

50
Q

What is an embolus?

A

a blood clot that has detached from the wall of a blood vessel and is transported via the bloodstream to other areas

51
Q

When does an infarction occur?

A

when a clot forms in a vessel that supplies blood to a vital organ - this organ will suffer more and more tissue damage the longer the vessel is blocked

52
Q

What can infarctions lead to?

A

death

53
Q

What is linked to higher risks of infarctions?

A

conditions that change the linings of blood vessels such as atherosclerosis

54
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

the buildup of fatty deposits on blood vessel walls that can prompt improper blood clotting

55
Q

What is the ABO blood group based on?

A

the types of antigens present on the surface of red blood cells

56
Q

What blood type do you have if you have antigen a?

A

A blood

57
Q

What blood type do you have if you have neither antigen a or b?

A

O blood

58
Q

What blood can AB be donated to?

A

AB only

59
Q

What blood can A be donated to?

A

AB and A

60
Q

What blood type can be donated to any positive type?

A

O+

61
Q

What blood type can be donated to any other blood type?

A

O-

62
Q

Should O blood be transfused slowly or quickly?

A

slowly as it is not a perfect match

63
Q

What blood type is the universal donor?

A

O

64
Q

What blood type is the universal recipient?

A

AB

65
Q

Why can’t all blood types mix?

A

each type of blood has one or more antibodies that have a negative reaction with certain types of blood

66
Q

What would happen if two blood types that weren’t supposed to mix did?

A

agglutination would occur, which is the clumping of red blood cells that can lead to serious injury or death

67
Q

What is RH an acronym for?

A

the species of monkey it was tested on

68
Q

What does it mean if the RH antigen is detected on RBCs?

A

the person tested is RH positive

69
Q

Is RH inherited or not?

A

it is inherited

70
Q

What happens if transfusions occur where the bloods’ RH factor doesn’t match?

A

a person’s blood may begin to agglutinate

71
Q

What is 55% (the majority) of blood made up of?

A

plasma

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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