Blood

Question 1

What is blood made up of?

Answer 1

red blood cells (45%), white blood cells, platelets, and plasma

Question 2

What are red blood cells?

Answer 2

biconcave discs that are about 1/3 hemoglobin

Question 3

What’s another name for red blood cells?

Answer 3

erythrocytes

Question 4

What is hemoglobin?

Answer 4

the substance that binds to oxygen and allows red blood cells to transport them through the bloodstream

Question 5

What happens when hemoglobin binds to oxygen?

Answer 5

it creates the bright red color - unbound hemoglobin appears darker/looks blue through the blood vessels

Question 6

What produces red blood cells?

Answer 6

red bone marrow

Question 7

What hormone controls the rate of red blood cell production?

Answer 7

erythropoietin

Question 8

What organs release erythropoietin?

Answer 8

the liver and the kidneys

Question 9

When is erythropoietin released?

Answer 9

during times of oxygen deficiency

Question 10

What is essential for red blood cell production?

Answer 10

vitamin b12, folic acid, and iron

Question 11

What do white blood cells do?

Answer 11

help fight against disease

Question 12

What’s another name for white blood cells?

Answer 12

leukocytes

Question 13

What happens when blood transports white blood cells?

Answer 13

they are brought to areas of infection and they leave the bloodstream and attempt to protect the body from illnesses/foreign bodies

Question 14

What can white blood cells be broken down into?

Answer 14

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 15

What do granulocytes contain?

Answer 15

granular cytoplasm (dots in cytoplasm)

Question 16

How big is a granulocyte?

Answer 16

two times the size of a red blood cell

Question 17

Where do granulocytes develop?

Answer 17

in red bone marrow

Question 18

What do granulocytes include?

Answer 18

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Question 19

What is the most common type of white blood cell?

Answer 19

neutrophils

Question 20

What do neutrophils do?

Answer 20

act as the first line defense against any bacterial microorganism by capturing and destroying “bad cells”

Question 21

What does the destruction of bad cells by neutrophils cause?

Answer 21

redness and swelling in the area where the bad cells were

Question 22

What happens after neutrophils destroy bad cells?

Answer 22

the neutrophils help start tissue repair

Question 23

What do eosinophils cause?

Answer 23

inflammation during their attack on negative cells

Question 24

What do eosinophils attack?

Answer 24

parasites and some infections

Question 25

What is the biggest white blood cell?

Answer 25

basophils

Question 26

What is the rarest type of white blood cell?

Answer 26

basophils

Question 27

What do agranulocytes lack?

Answer 27

dots in the cytoplasm

Question 28

What are agranulocytes made up of?

Answer 28

monocytes and lymphocytes

Question 29

What are monocytes?

Answer 29

the firefighters of the cell

Question 30

What can monocytes do?

Answer 30

remove dead cells from the body

Question 31

What can monocytes be separated into?

Answer 31

dendritic cells and macrophages

Question 32

What do dendritic cells do?

Answer 32

act as the call center and help recruit other cells to help fight infections

Question 33

What do macrophages do?

Answer 33

defend the frontline by absorbing negative cells and destroying then

Question 34

What are the two main types of lymphocytes?

Answer 34

t lymphocytes and b lymphocytes

Question 35

What do lymphocytes do?

Answer 35

form memory cells that can remember viruses/bacteria and help destroy them

Question 36

What do t lymphocytes do?

Answer 36

control immune response in the body and directly attack infected/tumor cells

Question 37

What can t lymphocytes be broken down into?

Answer 37

cytotoxic t cells, helper t cells, and regulatory/suppressor t cells

Question 38

What do cytotoxic t cells do?

Answer 38

attach to antigens on infected cells and then make holes in these cells’ membrane and insert enzymes to destroy it

Question 39

What kinds of cells do cytotoxic t cells target?

Answer 39

foreign cells, viral cells, cancer cells, and tumor cells

Question 40

What do helper t cells do?

Answer 40

help other immune cells, some assist b cells in making antibodies while others activate cytotoxic t cells

Question 41

What do regulatory/suppressor t cells do?

Answer 41

make substances that help end immune response

Question 42

Why is what regulatory/suppressor t cells do important?

Answer 42

it prevents the body from attacking itself (autoimmune disorders)

Question 43

What can b cells be broken down into?

Answer 43

primary immune response and secondary immune response

Question 44

What happens during primary immune response?

Answer 44

an antigen binds to a receptor and b cells are stimulated, they then transform into memory or plasma cells

Question 45

What do memory cells do?

Answer 45

recall prior infections and determine if a cell needs to be destroyed

Question 46

What do plasma cells do?

Answer 46

make antibodies for specific antigens in order to destroy them

Question 47

What happens during secondary immune response?

Answer 47

memory cells detect an infection and multiply, they then change into plasma cells and release antibodies

Question 48

What is blood coagulation?

Answer 48

the formation of a blood clot, it is the most effective mechanism for the stoppage of bleeding

Question 49

What is a blood clot that forms abnormally called?

Answer 49

a thrombus

Question 50

What is an embolus?

Answer 50

a blood clot that has detached from the wall of a blood vessel and is transported via the bloodstream to other areas

Question 51

When does an infarction occur?

Answer 51

when a clot forms in a vessel that supplies blood to a vital organ - this organ will suffer more and more tissue damage the longer the vessel is blocked

Question 52

What can infarctions lead to?

Answer 52

death

Question 53

What is linked to higher risks of infarctions?

Answer 53

conditions that change the linings of blood vessels such as atherosclerosis

Question 54

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 54

the buildup of fatty deposits on blood vessel walls that can prompt improper blood clotting

Question 55

What is the ABO blood group based on?

Answer 55

the types of antigens present on the surface of red blood cells

Question 56

What blood type do you have if you have antigen a?

Answer 56

A blood

Question 57

What blood type do you have if you have neither antigen a or b?

Answer 57

O blood

Question 58

What blood can AB be donated to?

Answer 58

AB only

Question 59

What blood can A be donated to?

Answer 59

AB and A

Question 60

What blood type can be donated to any positive type?

Answer 60

O+

Question 61

What blood type can be donated to any other blood type?

Answer 61

O-

Question 62

Should O blood be transfused slowly or quickly?

Answer 62

slowly as it is not a perfect match

Question 63

What blood type is the universal donor?

Answer 63

O

Question 64

What blood type is the universal recipient?

Answer 64

AB

Question 65

Why can’t all blood types mix?

Answer 65

each type of blood has one or more antibodies that have a negative reaction with certain types of blood

Question 66

What would happen if two blood types that weren’t supposed to mix did?

Answer 66

agglutination would occur, which is the clumping of red blood cells that can lead to serious injury or death

Question 67

What is RH an acronym for?

Answer 67

the species of monkey it was tested on

Question 68

What does it mean if the RH antigen is detected on RBCs?

Answer 68

the person tested is RH positive

Question 69

Is RH inherited or not?

Answer 69

it is inherited

Question 70

What happens if transfusions occur where the bloods’ RH factor doesn’t match?

Answer 70

a person’s blood may begin to agglutinate

Question 71

What is 55% (the majority) of blood made up of?

Answer 71

plasma