Block E Part 3: Hormonal Control

Question 1

What are the 4 roles of hormones?

Answer 1

Maintenance of the internal environment (homeostasis)
Regulation of energy metabolism
Growth and development
Reproduction
(Lecture 3, Slide 5)

Question 2

What secretes the endocrine hormone into the blood?

Answer 2

The endocrine gland
(Lecture 3, Slide 6)

Question 3

Where is the endocrine hormone carried to in the blood?

Answer 3

Specific target tissues or organs
(Lecture 3, Slide 6)

Question 4

What are hormones in the peptide hormones family comprised of?

Answer 4

Chains of amino acids
(Lecture 3, Slide 7)

Question 5

What are amine hormones synthesized from?

Answer 5

Amino acids
(Lecture 3, Slide 7)

Question 6

What are steroid hormones derived from?

Answer 6

Cholesterol
(Lecture 3, Slide 7)

Question 7

Are peptide hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic messangers?

Answer 7

Hydrophilic
(Lecture 3, Slide 8)

Question 8

Are steroid hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic messangers?

Answer 8

Hydrophobic
(Lecture 3, Slide 8)

Question 9

Where are peptide hormone receptors generally located?

Answer 9

On the plasma membrane of the target cell
(Lecture 3, Slide 9)

Question 10

Where are steroid hormone receptors located?

Answer 10

In the cytosol (inside the cell)
(Lecture 3, Slide 9)

Question 11

Are receptors specific to one hormone?

Answer 11

Yes
(Lecture 3, Slide 10)

Question 12

Name 3 examples of primary endocrine organs

Answer 12

Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Placenta (in pregnant females)
(Lecture 3, Slide 11)

Question 13

Name 3 examples of secondary endocrine organs.

Answer 13

Heart
Stomach
Liver
Kidneys
Small intestine
Skin
(Lecture 3, Slide 11)

Question 14

Why is it essential that endocrine hormones have mechanisms to switch on and off hormone secretion?

Answer 14

As they control various body functions
(Lecture 3, Slide 14)

Question 15

What is hormonal stimulation?

Answer 15

Hormones released by one gland influence the secretion of other hormones
(Lecture 3, Slide 15)

Question 16

What is humoral stimulation?

Answer 16

Blood level of ions, nutrients, bile and other compounds stimulate hormone release
(Lecture 3, Slide 15)

Question 17

What is neural stimuation?

Answer 17

Nerve fibres activate hormone release
(Lecture 3, Slide 15)

Question 18

What does the posterior pituitary contain?

Answer 18

Nerve endings of neurones originating in the hypothalamus
(Lecture 3, Slide 16)

Question 19

What is the role of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 19

Synthesises and secretes trophic hormones
(Lecture 3, Slides 16 and 18)

Question 20

What are trophic hormones?

Answer 20

Hormones that control the secretion of other hormones
(Lecture 3, Slides 15 and 18)

Question 21

What are the common names of the two primary hormones secreted by the thyroid gland?

Answer 21

T3 and T4
(Lecture 3, Slide 20)

Question 22

What are the 3 purposes of thyroid hormones?

Answer 22

Increase metabolic rate (by regulating heat production and oxygen consumption)
Increase activity of the cardiovascular system
Stimulate growth and development
(Lecture 3, Slide 22)

Question 23

What is hypothyroidism?

Answer 23

Low levels of thyroid hormones
(Lecture 3, Slide 23)

Question 24

What 3 things does hypothyroidism lead to?

Answer 24

Weight gain
Lethargy (lack of energy and enthusiasm)
Oedema (swelling due to fluid accumulation)
(Lecture 3, Slide 23)

Question 25

What is hyperthyroidism?

Answer 25

High levels of thyroid hormones (Lecture 3, Slide 23)

Question 26

What 3 things does hyperthyroidism lead to?

Answer 26

Weight loss Sweating Eye abnormality (Lecture 3, Slide 23)

Question 27

What are normal blood glucose levels before meals?

Answer 27

4-5.9 mmol/l (Lecture 3, Slide 29)

Question 28

What does blood glucose rise to 2 hours after a meal?

Answer 28

7.8 mmol/l (Lecture 3, Slide 29)

Question 29

What is hyperglycaemia?

Answer 29

High blood glucose (Lecture 3, Slide 29)

Question 30

What level is blood glucose in hyperglycaemia?

Answer 30

Above 11mmol/l (Lecture 3, Slide 29)

Question 31

What are 2 symptoms of hyperglycaemia?

Answer 31

Being thirsty Polyuria (frequent urination) Tiredness Diabetic coma (Lecture 3, Slide 29)

Question 32

What is hypoglycaemia?

Answer 32

Low blood glucose (Lecture 3, Slide 29)

Question 33

What level is blood glucose in hypoglycaemia?

Answer 33

below 2.5 mmol/l (Lecture 3, Slide 29)

Question 34

What are 3 symptoms of hypoglucaemia?

Answer 34

Dizziness Weakness Drowsiness Confusion Diabetic coma (Lecture 3, Slide 29)

Question 35

What is type I diabetes?

Answer 35

Loss of insulin secreting cells (Lecture 3, Slide 30)

Question 36

What do people will type I diabetes require?

Answer 36

Daily injections of insulin (Lecture 3, Slide 30)

Question 37

What are 2 long term complications of type I diabetes?

Answer 37

Cardiovascular disease Damage to eye (retinopathy) Damage to kidney (nephropathy) Damage to nerves (neuropathy) (Lecture 3, Slide 30)