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BM108: Organisms and Diseases > Block E Part 3: Hormonal Control > Flashcards

Block E Part 3: Hormonal Control Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 roles of hormones?

A

Maintenance of the internal environment (homeostasis)
Regulation of energy metabolism
Growth and development
Reproduction
(Lecture 3, Slide 5)

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2
Q

What secretes the endocrine hormone into the blood?

A

The endocrine gland
(Lecture 3, Slide 6)

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3
Q

Where is the endocrine hormone carried to in the blood?

A

Specific target tissues or organs
(Lecture 3, Slide 6)

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4
Q

What are hormones in the peptide hormones family comprised of?

A

Chains of amino acids
(Lecture 3, Slide 7)

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5
Q

What are amine hormones synthesized from?

A

Amino acids
(Lecture 3, Slide 7)

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6
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol
(Lecture 3, Slide 7)

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7
Q

Are peptide hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic messangers?

A

Hydrophilic
(Lecture 3, Slide 8)

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8
Q

Are steroid hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic messangers?

A

Hydrophobic
(Lecture 3, Slide 8)

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9
Q

Where are peptide hormone receptors generally located?

A

On the plasma membrane of the target cell
(Lecture 3, Slide 9)

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10
Q

Where are steroid hormone receptors located?

A

In the cytosol (inside the cell)
(Lecture 3, Slide 9)

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11
Q

Are receptors specific to one hormone?

A

Yes
(Lecture 3, Slide 10)

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12
Q

Name 3 examples of primary endocrine organs

A

Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Placenta (in pregnant females)
(Lecture 3, Slide 11)

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13
Q

Name 3 examples of secondary endocrine organs.

A

Heart
Stomach
Liver
Kidneys
Small intestine
Skin
(Lecture 3, Slide 11)

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14
Q

Why is it essential that endocrine hormones have mechanisms to switch on and off hormone secretion?

A

As they control various body functions
(Lecture 3, Slide 14)

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15
Q

What is hormonal stimulation?

A

Hormones released by one gland influence the secretion of other hormones
(Lecture 3, Slide 15)

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16
Q

What is humoral stimulation?

A

Blood level of ions, nutrients, bile and other compounds stimulate hormone release
(Lecture 3, Slide 15)

17
Q

What is neural stimuation?

A

Nerve fibres activate hormone release
(Lecture 3, Slide 15)

18
Q

What does the posterior pituitary contain?

A

Nerve endings of neurones originating in the hypothalamus
(Lecture 3, Slide 16)

19
Q

What is the role of the anterior pituitary?

A

Synthesises and secretes trophic hormones
(Lecture 3, Slides 16 and 18)

20
Q

What are trophic hormones?

A

Hormones that control the secretion of other hormones
(Lecture 3, Slides 15 and 18)

21
Q

What are the common names of the two primary hormones secreted by the thyroid gland?

A

T3 and T4
(Lecture 3, Slide 20)

22
Q

What are the 3 purposes of thyroid hormones?

A

Increase metabolic rate (by regulating heat production and oxygen consumption)
Increase activity of the cardiovascular system
Stimulate growth and development
(Lecture 3, Slide 22)

23
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Low levels of thyroid hormones
(Lecture 3, Slide 23)

24
Q

What 3 things does hypothyroidism lead to?

A

Weight gain
Lethargy (lack of energy and enthusiasm)
Oedema (swelling due to fluid accumulation)
(Lecture 3, Slide 23)

25
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

High levels of thyroid hormones
(Lecture 3, Slide 23)

26
Q

What 3 things does hyperthyroidism lead to?

A

Weight loss
Sweating
Eye abnormality
(Lecture 3, Slide 23)

27
Q

What are normal blood glucose levels before meals?

A

4-5.9 mmol/l
(Lecture 3, Slide 29)

28
Q

What does blood glucose rise to 2 hours after a meal?

A

7.8 mmol/l
(Lecture 3, Slide 29)

29
Q

What is hyperglycaemia?

A

High blood glucose
(Lecture 3, Slide 29)

30
Q

What level is blood glucose in hyperglycaemia?

A

Above 11mmol/l
(Lecture 3, Slide 29)

31
Q

What are 2 symptoms of hyperglycaemia?

A

Being thirsty
Polyuria (frequent urination)
Tiredness
Diabetic coma
(Lecture 3, Slide 29)

32
Q

What is hypoglycaemia?

A

Low blood glucose
(Lecture 3, Slide 29)

33
Q

What level is blood glucose in hypoglycaemia?

A

below 2.5 mmol/l
(Lecture 3, Slide 29)

34
Q

What are 3 symptoms of hypoglucaemia?

A

Dizziness
Weakness
Drowsiness
Confusion
Diabetic coma
(Lecture 3, Slide 29)

35
Q

What is type I diabetes?

A

Loss of insulin secreting cells
(Lecture 3, Slide 30)

36
Q

What do people will type I diabetes require?

A

Daily injections of insulin
(Lecture 3, Slide 30)

37
Q

What are 2 long term complications of type I diabetes?

A

Cardiovascular disease
Damage to eye (retinopathy)
Damage to kidney (nephropathy)
Damage to nerves (neuropathy)
(Lecture 3, Slide 30)

BM108: Organisms and Diseases (16 decks)

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