Block C Part 4: Infectious Diseases

Question 1

State 3 viruses.

Answer 1

Ebola Virus
Marburg Virus
Rabies
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Smallpox
Influenza Virus
Dengue Virus
Rotavirus (diarrhea)
Coronavirus
(Lecture 3, Slide 4)

Question 2

What 3 things must an immune response against a virus deal with?

Answer 2

Viral products (aka Viral toxins) Virions in the circulation and Virus infected cells
(Lecture 3, Slide 5)

Question 3

State 3 bacteria.

Answer 3

Neisseria gonorrhoea
Vibrio cholerae
Yersinia pestis (Black plague)
Clostridium (Tetanus, lock jaw)
Legionella
Streptococcus pneumoniae or S. pneumococcus
Bacillus anthracis
Salmonella typhi
Treponema pallidum
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(Lecture 3, Slide 6)

Question 4

What 2 things must an immune response against bacteria deal with?

Answer 4

Bacterial cells
The spread of bacteria within the body
(Lecture 3, Slide 7)

Question 5

When do fungi infect people?

Answer 5

Usually opportunistically; they usually infect people who are immunocompromised
(Lecture 3, Slide 8)

Question 6

State 2 fungi.

Answer 6

Aspergillus
Blastomyces
Candida
Cryptococcus
Pneumocystis
Histoplasma
(Lecture 3, Slide 8)

Question 7

What 3 things must an immune response against fungi deal with?

Answer 7

Spores
Mycelium made up of hyphae
Toxic products
(Lecture 3, Slide 9)

Question 8

What 3 features does the immune system need to deal with when faced with parasitic pathogens?

Answer 8

Unicellular protozoans which can be intra or extracellular
Multicellular life stages
Multicellular organisms
(Lecture 3, Slide 10)

Question 9

What do cytokines do and what produces them?

Answer 9

They are proteins which act on cells which have receptors for the cytokine and they are produced by most immune cells
(Lecture 3, Slide 17)

Question 10

Are cytokines specific to one cell?

Answer 10

No, the same cytokine can act on more than one cell/cell type
(Lecture 3, Slide 17)

Question 11

What are interferons?

Answer 11

A natural substance that helps the body’s immune system fight infection and other diseases, such as cancer
(Lecture 3, Slide 18)

Question 12

What is interferon alpha?

Answer 12

Lymphoblastoid cells
(Lecture 3, Slide 18)

Question 13

What is an interferon beta and what are they stimulated by?

Answer 13

Fibroblasts, macrophages etc.
stimulated by abortively (in an untimely manner) replicating virus
(Lecture 3, Slide 18)

Question 14

What are interferon gamma produced by?

Answer 14

Stimulated T cells and Natural Killer cells
(Lecture 3, Slide 18)

Question 15

What is the most important interferon and give 3 reasons why.

Answer 15

Interferon gamma is the most important as it;
1. Inhibits viral activity
2. Enhances activity of NK cells
3. Activates macrophages - enhances phagocytosis
(Lecture 3, Slide 19)

Question 16

Is specific immunity controlled or uncontrolled?

Answer 16

Controlled
(Lecture 3, Slide 20)

Question 17

How is specific immunity controlled?

Answer 17

Causes death of own cells - removing intracellular pathogens - and produces cytokines that stimulate other immune cells
(Lecture 3, Slide 20)

Question 18

Which 3 ways do B lymphocytes and antibodies neutralise a pathogen?

Answer 18

They can prevent viruses from uncoating or transcribing
Prevent pathogen attaching to its receptor
Hit an essential function of the pathogen.
(Lecture 3, Slide 22)

Question 19

What do antibodies increase the activity of?

Answer 19

Macrophages and natural killer cells
(Lecture 3, Slide 23)

Question 20

What are the 4 ideal features a drug can have?

Answer 20

Given orally
Cheap
Short dosing regimen
No adverse side effects
(Lecture 4, Slide 3)

Question 21

What is vaccination?

Answer 21

When you introduce a protective antigen into the vaccinated person to prevent the disease
(Lecture 4, Slide 5)

Question 22

What can vaccination give a patient?

Answer 22

Can give life long specific immunity
(Lecture 4, Slide 5)

Question 23

What does vaccination depend on?

Answer 23

Identifying the correct protective antigen
(Lecture 4, Slide 5)

Question 24

What does disease eradication depend on?

Answer 24

It depends on human transmission - need to achieve a reproductive rate of r < 1 (with r < 1 meaning that less than one person is infected by each individual)
(Lecture 4, Slide 5)

Question 25

What year was smallpox eradicated?

Answer 25

1980
(Lecture 4, Slide 10)

Question 26

What are DNA vaccines?

Answer 26

DNA from infectious agent can be directly inserted into the skin
(Lecture 4, Slide 12)

Question 27

What are RNA vaccines?

Answer 27

Production of protein , e.g. spike protein for Coronavirus
(Lecture 4, Slide 12)

Question 28

What needs to happen for passive transfer of antibodies to work?

Answer 28

It needs to be administered early in disease cycle
(Lecture 4, Slide 13)

Question 29

What type of variation can passive transfer of antibodies show?

Answer 29

Lot-lot variation
(Lecture 4, Slide 13)

Question 30

What does the efficacy of passive transfer of antibodies require?

Answer 30

Immune donors
(Lecture 4, Slide 13)

Question 31

What solved variation / availability in passive transfer of antibodies?

Answer 31

Production of monoclonal antibodies
(Lecture 4, Slide 13)

Question 32

What is treatment with T cells used to treat?

Answer 32

Cancers
(Lecture 4, Slide 16)

Question 33

Why are T cells incubated with a tumour antigen in during treatment with T cells?

Answer 33

To expand the population of tumour-specific T cells to put back into the patient
(Lecture 4, Slide 16)

Question 34

What does CARs stand for?

Answer 34

Chimeric antigen receptors
(Lecture 4, Slide 18)

Question 35

What are CARs?

Answer 35

Adapted T cells engineered to target particular T cell antigens
(Lecture 4, Slide 18)

Question 36

What are CARs associated with?

Answer 36

They are associated with toxicity through cytokine release syndrome.
(Lecture 4, Slide 18)

Question 37

What is cytokine release syndrome?

Answer 37

A novel inflammatory process
(Lecture 4, Slide 18)

Question 38

What is cytokine therapy?

Answer 38

Cytokines are produced as recombinant proteins
(Lecture 4, Slide 19)

Question 39

What are used in Cytokine therapy?

Answer 39

Interferons and interleukins
(Lecture 4, Slide 19)