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BM108: Organisms and Diseases > Block B Part 3: Brain Development and Anatomy > Flashcards

Block B Part 3: Brain Development and Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What does BMP stand for?

A

Bone morphogenetic protein
(Lecture 2, Slide 8)

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2
Q

What is the organizer?

A

A specialised region to induce the nervous system.
(Lecture 2, Slide 8)

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3
Q

What is the purpose of BMP?

A

It inhibits from the organiser
(Lecture 2, Slide 8)

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4
Q

What are the 3 patterns of the nervous system?

A

Rostrocaudal patterning,
Dorsoventral patterning(spinal cord development)
Forebrain patterning
(Lecture 2, Slide 11)

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5
Q

What is the ventral neural tube patterned by?

A

By Sonic Hedgehog protein.
(Lecture 2, Slide 14)

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6
Q

What is Sonic Hedgehog protein secreted from?

A

The notochord and floor plate.
(Lecture 2, Slide 14)

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7
Q

What is the dorsal neural tube patterned by?

A

Bone morphogenetic proteins.
(Lecture 2, Slide 14)

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8
Q

What is the purpose of FGF8 in Forebrain patterning?

A

To establish the Rostrocaudal pattern of the cerebral cortex.
(Lecture 2, Slide 15)

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9
Q

What is the purpose of Pax6 and Emx2?

A

They mutually repress each other’s expression.
(Lecture 2, Slide 15)

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10
Q

What does proliferation mean?

A

Rapid increase in the number or amount of something.
(Lecture 2, Slide 19)

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11
Q

What are 2 examples of progenitor cells?

A

Neurons and Gilas
(Lecture 2, Slide 19)

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12
Q

What are the 3 properties of stem cells?

A

Stem cells can renew unlimitedly in vitro, are multipotent and have maintenance of self-renewal.
(Lecture 2, Slide 19)

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13
Q

What are 3 properties of progenitor cells?

A

Progenitor cells can only renew limitedly in vitro, are usually unipotent but can sometimes be oligopotent and don’t have maintenance of self-renewal.

(Lecture 2, Slide 19)

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14
Q

What is asymmetric division?

A

When a stem cell produces 2 cells with different cell fates.
(Lecture 2, Slide 19)

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15
Q

What is symmetric division?

A

When a stem cell produces 2 cells with the same cell fate.
(Lecture 2, Slide 19)

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16
Q

What pattern of migration do Cortical cells follow?

A

They follow an “inside-first, outside-last” pattern of migration.
(Lecture 2, Slide 22)

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17
Q

Where do inhibitory neurons migrate to?

A

The cortex
(Lecture 2, Slide 22)

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18
Q

What are the 4 steps of synapse formation?

A
  1. Establishing neuronal polarity
  2. Axon guidance
  3. Synaptogenesis
  4. Refining neural circuits
    (Lecture 2, Slide 28)
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19
Q

What is a neurological disease?

A

A brain disorder caused by loss of neurons
(Lecture 2, Slide 36)

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20
Q

What are 3 examples of neurological diseases?

A

Alzheimer’s disease
Parkinson’s disease
Stroke
(Lecture 2, Slide 36)

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21
Q

What is a neuropsychiatric disease?

A

A brain disorder caused by changes in neural circuits
(Lecture 2, Slide 36)

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22
Q

What are 3 examples of neuropsychiatric diseases?

A

Schizophrenia
Depression
Addiction
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
(Lecture 2, Slide 36)

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23
Q

What are 3 factors affecting blood pressure?

A

Cardiac Output (CO)
Peripheral Resistance (PR)
Blood volume
(Lecture 4 (Part 1), Slide 4)

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24
Q

How is blood pressure calculated?

A

Cardiac output (CO) x Peripheral resistance (PR)
(Lecture 4 (Part 1), Slide 4)

25
Q

What 2 things determine cardiac output?

A

Venous return and neural and hormonal controls
(Lecture 4 (Part 1), Slide 5)

26
Q

How is resting heart rate controlled?

A

By the cardioinhibitory centre via the vagus nerves.
(Lecture 4 (Part 1), Slide 4)

27
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat.
(Lecture 4 (Part 1), Slide 4)

28
Q

What controls stroke volume?

A

Venous return
(Lecture 4 (Part 1), Slide 5)

29
Q

What is venous return?

A

The rate of blood flow back to the heart (to the right atrium)
(Lecture 4 (Part 1), Slide 5)

30
Q

When the cardioinhibitory centre is under stress does it increase or decrease heart rate and stroke volume?

A

It increases both heart rate and stroke volume.
(Lecture 4 (Part 1), Slide 5)

31
Q

What 2 things does maintaining blood pressure require?

A

It requires cooperation of the heart, blood vessels and kidneys and supervision of the brain.
(Lecture 4 (Part 1), Slide 5)

32
Q

Where does the Pulmonary Artery carry blood to and from?

A

From the right ventricle to the lungs
(Lecture 4 (Part 1), Slide 3)

33
Q

Where does the Pulmonary Vein carry blood to and from?

A

From the lung to the left atrium
(Lecture 4 (Part 1), Slide 3)

34
Q

Where does the Aorta carry blood to and from?

A

From the left ventricle to the body
(Lecture 4 (Part 1), Slide 3)

35
Q

Where does the Vena Cava carry blood to and from?

A

From the body to the right atrium
(Lecture 4 (Part 1), Slide 3)

36
Q

What does distal mean?

A

Distal means situated away from the centre of the body or from the point of attachment.
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 4)

37
Q

What are the properties of Muscular arteries?

A

They have thick tunica media with more smooth muscle and less elastic tissue.
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 4)

38
Q

What are the 2 functions of Muscular arteries?

A

They deliver blood to body organs and are active in vasoconstriction.
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 4)

39
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

When the muscles around your blood vessels tighten to make the space inside smaller.
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 4)

40
Q

How big are arterioles in comparison to other arteries?

A

They are the smallest arteries in the body.
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 4)

41
Q

What is the function of Arterioles and where do they lead to?

A

Arterioles lead to capillary beds and control flow of blood into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 4)

42
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

When the muscles around your blood vessels relax to make the space inside larger.
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 4)

43
Q

What are Elastic (conducting) Arteries?

A

They are thick walled arteries near the heart, the Aorta and its major branches.
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 5)

44
Q

What allows elastic arteries to stretch?

A

Elastin
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 5)

45
Q

What does large lumen allow in elastic arteries?

A

Low-resistance conduction of blood.
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 5)

46
Q

What are the 2 functions of Elastic Arteries?

A

They withstand and smooth out large blood pressure fluctuations and allow blood to flow fairly continuously through the body.
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 5)

47
Q

What is the primary function of capillaries?

A

They permit the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells.
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 6)

48
Q

How many red blood cells do capillaries let pass through at a time?

A

1
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 6)

49
Q

How big are capillaries in comparison to other blood vessels?

A

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessel.
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 6)

50
Q

What does the walls of capillaries consist of?

A

Wall consist of a thin tunica interna, one cell thick.
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 6)

51
Q

What are the 3 structural types of capillaries?

A

Continuous, fenestrated and sinusoids.
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 4)

52
Q

What stabilises the walls of capillaries?

A

Pericytes on the outer surface
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 4)

53
Q

How are veins formed?

A

Veins are formed when venules converge.
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 7)

54
Q

What are veins composed of?

A

3 tunics, with a thin tunica media and a thick tunica externa.
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 7)

55
Q

What do veins contain to support them?

A

Collagen fibers
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 7)

56
Q

What percentage of the blood supply do veins contain?

A

65%
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 7)

57
Q

What generates pressure (P) and why?

A

The heart generates pressure to overcome resistance.
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 9)

58
Q

What is more important; Absolute pressure, or the pressure gradient?

A

The pressure gradient
(Lecture 4 (Part 2), Slide 9)

59
Q

What is the pressure gradient?

A

Represented by Circulatory Pressure (delta P) and is the difference between pressure at the heart and pressure at the peripheral capillary beds.

BM108: Organisms and Diseases (16 decks)

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