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BM108: Organisms and Diseases > Block B Part 1: The Metazoan Body Plan and Derm Layers > Flashcards

Block B Part 1: The Metazoan Body Plan and Derm Layers Flashcards

1
Q

What are protists and what can they do?

A

Protists are the simplest, single-celled eukaryote. They can carry out life functions and show division of labour among the various cell structure.
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)

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2
Q

What are metazoans?

A

Metazoans are multicellular animals that have cells specialised for particular functions.
(Lecture 1, Slide 4)

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3
Q

What are 3 reasons having a head is useful?

A

Nervous tissues, sense organs and often mouth are located in the head
Directional movement for organisms who have a head
Elongation along anteroposterior axis. (line that runs from head or mouth to tail or opposite end of the organism)
(Lecture 1, Slide 8)

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4
Q

What are 3 reasons that the evolution of a body cavity was important?

A

Organs can be isolated for physiological independence
Flexibility when moving (so organs don’t rip apart)
Prevents organs from sticking to each other.
(Lecture 1, Slide 9)

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5
Q

What are 3 examples of body cavities?

A

Gut cavity
Pseudocoel
Coelom
(Lecture 1, Slide 10)

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6
Q

During what process does the gut form?

A

Gastrulation
(Lecture 1, Slide 10)

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7
Q

What are the pseudocoel and the coelom and what are their roles?

A

Fluid filled body cavities that cushion organs and provide support.
(Lecture 1, Slide 10)

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8
Q

What are the 3 “Germ layers” ordered from inner to outer

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
(Lecture 1, Slide 10)

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9
Q

What are the 3 basic kinds of body plans.

A

Acoelomates
Pseudocoelomates
Coelomates
(Lecture 1, Slides 11, 12 and 13)

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10
Q

What kind of activity does acoelomates have?

A

Acoelomates have no activity
(Lecture 1, Slide 11)

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11
Q

Where is the body cavity in Pseudocoelomates located and what is this called?

A

It’s located between the mesoderm and endoderm called the pseudocoel.
(Lecture 1, Slide 12)

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12
Q

Where is the body cavity in Coelomates located?

A

Coelomates have a body cavity entirely within the mesoderm called the Coelom.
(Lecture 1, Slide 13)

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13
Q

What are the 4 major types of tissue?

A

Epithelial tissue
Mesenchymal Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
(Lecture 1, Slide 14)

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14
Q

What part of the body does epithelial tissue cover?

A

Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body.
(Lecture 1, Slide 15)

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15
Q

What is the difference between a simple and stratified epithelial?

A

Simple epithelial tissue is made up of only one layer of cells whereas stratified epithelial tissue is made up of multiple layers of cells
(Lecture 1, Slide 15).

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of epithelial tissue?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
(Lecture 1, Slide 15)

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17
Q

What is the purpose and structure of Mesenchymal/Connective tissue?

A

Functions mainly to bind and support other tissues and it contains sparsely packed cells scattered through an extracellular matrix.
(Lecture 1, Slide 16)

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18
Q

What are muscle fibres capable of doing?

A

Contracting due to nerve signals.
(Lecture 1, Slide 17)

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19
Q

What are muscle tissue comprised of?

A

Long cells called muscle fibres.
(Lecture 1, Slide 17)

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20
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth, Skeletal and Cardiac
(Lecture 1, Slide 17)

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21
Q

What is the purpose of Nervous tissue?

A

Nervous tissue senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal.
(Lecture 1, Slide 18)

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22
Q

Where do neuron cells receive and send out signals?

A

They receive signals at the dendrites and sends them out via the axons.
(Lecture 1, Slide 18)

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23
Q

Which chemicals are the basis for associations and memories?

A

Synaptic chemicals.
(Lecture 1, Slide 18)

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24
Q

What is cleavage in an embryo?

A

Cleavage is the division of cells in the early embryo, it undergoes rapid cell division with no significant growth.
(Lecture 1, Slide 26)

25
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

A blastocyst is a structure consisting of 128 cells.
(Lecture 1, Slide 27)

26
Q

What does a blastocyst consist of?

A

It contains an inner cell mass (embryoblast) and an outer cell mass (trophoblast)
(Lecture 1, Slide 27)

27
Q

What 2 things does the embryoblast go on to form?

A

Stem cells and the embryo proper
(Lecture 1, Slide 27)

28
Q

What does the trophoblast go on to form?

A

The placenta
(Lecture 1, Slide 27)

29
Q

What does an “immortal” cell mean?

A

They are cells which never stop dividing.
(Lecture 1, Slide 28)

30
Q

What can pluripotent stem cells theoretically give rise to?

A

Every cell type in the body proper.
(Lecture 1, Slide 29)

31
Q

How long can pluripotent stem cells proliferate for?

A

Indefinitely
(Lecture 1, Slide 29)

32
Q

What does the blastocyst first do during implantation?

A

The blastocyst “hatches” by shedding the outer layer
(Lecture 1, Slide 31)

33
Q

What does hatching do during implantation?

A

It exposes the bare trophoblast cells to the uterine wall
(Lecture 1, Slide 31)

34
Q

What 2 things happen after the bare trophoblast cells are exposed to the uterine wall during implantation?

A

The uterine wall is prepared for implantation each month under hormonal control
The trophoblast begins to thicken as it begins to implant and form the placenta.

35
Q

What does the inner cell mass (ICM) form after implantation?

A

It forms a hallow Amniotic cavity, and then it forms a flat disc with 2 layers; an epiblast (upper, next to amniotic cavity) and a hypoblast (lower/underside, facing the yolk sac)
(Lecture 1, Slide 35)

36
Q

How are the germ cell layers formed?

A

The epiblast undergoes a complex rearrangement to form the germ cell layers.
(Lecture 1, Slide 39)

37
Q

What is the first step of gastrulation movement?

A

Some epiblast (ectoderm) cells begin to move towards the primitive streak.
(Lecture 1, Slide 40)

38
Q

What happens after the Epiblast cells move toward the primitive streak in Gastrulation movement?

A

The cells then move through the layer and towards the hypoblast (primitive endoderm).
(Lecture 1, Slide 40)

39
Q

What do the first epiblast cells through the Hypoblast become?

A

The Definitive Endoderm.
(Lecture 1, Slide 40)

40
Q

What do the epiblast cells that go through Hypoblast after the definitive Endoderm is formed become?

A

The Mesoderm.
(Lecture 1, Slide 40)

41
Q

What type of tissue are the ectoderm and the endoderm?

A

Epithelial tissue
(Lecture 1, Slide 43)

42
Q

What type of tissue is the mesoderm?

A

Mesenchymal tissue
(Lecture 1, Slide 43)

43
Q

What shape are Mesenchyme cells?

A

Star Shaped
(Lecture 1, Slide 43)

44
Q

How do Mesenchyme cells migrate freely?

A

They do not attach to each other.
(Lecture 1, Slide 43)

45
Q

How does the Notochord form?

A

Epiblast migration through the primitive pit forms a line towards the “head”
(Lecture 1, Slide 46)

46
Q

What is the process that forms the spine and the brain called?

A

Neurulation
(Lecture 1, Slide 48)

47
Q

How is the neural tube formed?

A

The notochord induces a fold in the overlaying epiblast/ectoderm which pinches off to form a neural tube.
(Lecture 1, Slide 48)

48
Q

How is the neural plate formed?

A

Notochord signals overlying ectoderm to become the neural plate.
(Lecture 1, Slide 49)

49
Q

What are the 2 steps in the neural plate becoming the neural tube?

A

Neural plate > neural groove > neural tube
(Lecture 1, Slide 49)

50
Q

What does the mesoderm do after neural groove formation?

A

It begins to differentiate next to the notochord.
(Lecture 1, Slide 50)

51
Q

What are the 3 regions of the mesoderm after it differentiates?

A

Somites
Intermediate Mesoderm
Lateral Plate
(Lecture 1, Slide 50)

52
Q

What are somities?

A

Somites are 40 pairs of body segments(representing units, like building blocks) by end of week 4
(Lecture 1, Slide 50)

53
Q

Where is the intermediate mesoderm located in the mesoderm?

A

Just lateral (to the side of) to Somites
(Lecture 1, Slide 50)

54
Q

What does the lateral plate split off to form?

A

The coelom (“Body cavity”)
(Lecture 1, Slide 50)

55
Q

During what stage of the pregnancy does neural tube closure begin and complete?

A

Begins week 3 and is complete by the end of week 4.
(Lecture 1, Slide 52)

56
Q

How is the neural tube closed?

A

It is zipped cranially and caudally (zipped at both ends)
(Lecture 1, Slide 52)

57
Q

What do neural crest cells form?

A

Sensory nerve cells and other structures.
(Lecture 1, Slide 52)

58
Q

What is Spina bifida?

A

A condition caused by incomplete neural tube closure.
(Lecture 1, Slide 54)

59
Q

What is the most effective way to prevent Spina bifida?

A

Taking folic acid supplements before and during pregnancy
(Lecture 1, Slide 54)

BM108: Organisms and Diseases (16 decks)

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