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BM108: Organisms and Diseases > Block E Part 2: Lungs, Gas Exchange and Respiratory Diseases > Flashcards

Block E Part 2: Lungs, Gas Exchange and Respiratory Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

How are lungs divded?

A

Into several lobes (2 on the left, 3 on the right)
(Lecture 2, Slide 3)

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2
Q

What occupies most of the volume of the thoracic (chest) cavity?

A

The lungs
(Lecture 2, Slide 3)

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3
Q

What separates the thoracic (chest) and abdominal cavities?

A

The diaphragm
(Lecture 2, Slide 3)

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4
Q

What 2 cells make up the respiratory defence system?

A

Columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells
(Lecture 2, Slide 5)

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5
Q

What do columnar epithelial cells have on their surface?

A

Cilla (small, slender hair like structures)
(Lecture 2, Slide 5)

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6
Q

What do goblet cells secrete?

A

Mucous
(Lecture 2, Slide 5)

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7
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchiole
(Lecture 2, Slide 7)

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8
Q

What are alveoli surrounded by?

A

Capillaries
(Lecture 2, Slide 7)

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9
Q

What are type 1 alveolus cells?

A

Small epithelial cells with no Cilla across
(Lecture 2, Slide 9)

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10
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Type I alveolar cells
(Lecture 2, Slide 9)

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11
Q

What do type II alveolar cells secrete and what does this do?

A

They secrete surfactant, a substance that facilitates lung expansion
(Lecture 2, Slide 10)

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12
Q

How do macrophages prevent infection in the alveoli?

A

By removing foreign material
(Lecture 2, Slide 11)

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13
Q

Which way does air move in the pressure gradient?

A

Down - i.e from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure
(Lecture 2, Slide 13)

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14
Q

How does air flow in and out of the lungs?

A

Alternatively reversing pressure gradients
(Lecture 2, Slide 13)

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15
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

At any constant temperature, the pressure exerted by a gas varies with the volume of the gas
(Lecture 2, Slide 14)

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16
Q

What happens when intra-alveolar pressure < atmospheric pressure and why?

A

Air flows into the lungs as it has lower pressure
(Lecture 2, Slide 15)

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17
Q

What happens when intra-alveolar pressure > atmospheric pressure and why?

A

Air flows out of the lungs as pressure is lower outside the body
(Lecture 2, Slide 15)

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18
Q

What is the first step of ventilation?

A

The external intercostal muscles contract to increase chest volume
(Lecture 2, Slide 16)

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19
Q

What is the second step of ventilation?

A

The diaphragm lowers
(Lecture 2, Slide 16)

20
Q

What is the third step of ventilation?

A

Air flows in as air pressure in the lungs is lower than that outside
(Lecture 2, Slide 16)

21
Q

What is the fourth and final step of ventilation?

A

Air flows out when muscles relax
(Lecture 2, Slide 16)

22
Q

What is asthma?

A

A chronic inflammatory disease of the airways of the lung
(Lecture 2, Slide 18)

23
Q

Why does the smooth muscles around the bronchioles contract more in people with asthma?

A

As it is hyperexcitable
(Lecture 2, Slide 18)

24
Q

What creates the characteristic wheezing sound of asthma?

A

Increased resistance to airflow in and out of the lung
(Lecture 2, Slide 18)

25
Q

What, other than the increased air resistance, further inhibits air flow in and out of the lungs in people with asthma?

A

Increased mucus secretion
(Lecture 2, Slide 18)

26
Q

What are 3 triggers for an asthma attack?

A

Exercise, cold temperature and allergens
(Lecture 2, Slide 19)

27
Q

How does ß-adrenoceptor agonist treat asthma?

A

It relaxes the bronchiole smooth muscle
(Lecture 2, Slide 20)

28
Q

How does corticosteroid treat asthma?

A

It reduces inflammation
(Lecture 2, Slide 20)

29
Q

What is emphysema?

A

A long-term progressive disease of the lungs
(Lecture 2, Slide 22)

30
Q

What 3 things does emphysema cause?

A

Shortness of breath, coughing and continuous wheezing
(Lecture 2, Slide 22)

31
Q

What are destroyed / damaged in emphysema?

A

Alveoli and bronchioles
(Lecture 2, Slide 22)

32
Q

What does bronchioles being destroyed due to emphysema lead to?

A

Airway collapse and difficulty in emptying gases from the alveoli
(Lecture 2, Slide 22)

33
Q

What is a significant cause of emphysema?

A

Cigarette smoking
(Lecture 2, Slide 22)

34
Q

What are 4 ways to treat emphysema?

A

Quit smoking
Bronchodilators
Corticosteroids
Oxygen therapy
(Lecture 2, Slide 23)

35
Q

How do bronchodilators treat emphysema?

A

It opens up airways
(Lecture 2, Slide 23)

36
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A thick, sticky mucus blocks the airway
(Lecture 2, Slide 24)

37
Q

How do you get cystic fibrosis?

A

It’s an inherited condition
(Lecture 2, Slide 24)

38
Q

What parts of the body does cystic fibrosis affect?

A

The lungs, digestive system and other organs
(Lecture 2, Slide 24)

39
Q

Name 3 ways to treat cystic fibrosis.

A

Airway clearance (physiotherapy)
Antibiotics
Corticosteroid
Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy
High calorie diet
(Lecture 2, Slide 25)

40
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

In a mixture of non-reactive gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases
(Lecture 2, Slide 27)

41
Q

How is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveoli achieved?

A

By diffusion
(Lecture 2, Slide 28)

42
Q

What does gas exchange in the alveoli depend on?

A

The differences in partial pressure across the respiratory membrane
(Lecture 2, Slide 28)

43
Q

How big are the distances involved in the gas exchange?

A

Small
(Lecture 2, Slide 28)

44
Q

Where does oxygen move during gas exchange in the alveoli?

A

From the lungs to the blood stream
(Lecture 2, Slide 29)

45
Q

Where does carbon dioxide move during gas exchange in the alveoli?

A

From the blood stream to the lungs
(Lecture 2, Slide 29)

BM108: Organisms and Diseases (16 decks)

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