Block C Part 3: Immunology Sum Up and Inappropiate Immune Responses

Question 1

What is the Primary immune response?

Answer 1

It’s the bodies initial exposure to an antigen
(Lecture 2, Slide 44)

Question 2

What is the Secondary immune response?

Answer 2

The bodies subsequent exposure to the same antigen
(Lecture 2, Slide 44)

Question 3

How does the body produce a larger amount of antibodies faster in secondary immune response?

Answer 3

Memory B cells are quickly stimulated to differentiate and multiply
(Lecture 2, Slide 44)

Question 4

How is passive immunity acquired?

Answer 4

From the direct transfer of antibodies from one individual to another which can be done naturally (via placenta or breast milk) or artificially by giving a patient IgG molecules
(Lecture 2, Slide 46)

Question 5

What 2 ways can active immunity be acquired?

Answer 5

Can be acquired naturally or as a vaccination/immunization
(Lecture 2, Slide 46)

Question 6

What does the huge diversity of lymphocyte receptors generate?

Answer 6

Receptors binding to self
(Lecture 2, Slide 47)

Question 7

What is clonal deletion?

Answer 7

During early development, T cells in the thymus responding to self are destroyed by apoptosis
(Lecture 2, Slide 47)

Question 8

What is clonal inactivation?

Answer 8

Outside of the thymus, potentially self-reacting T cells become nonresponsive.
B cells undergo a similar process
(Lecture 2, Slide 47)

Question 9

What is autoimmune disease?

Answer 9

When the immune system attacks the body’s own tissue and cells.
(Lecture 2, Slide 56)

Question 10

How does lifestyle and nutrition affect immune performance?

Answer 10

Protein-calorie malnutrition
(Lecture 2, Slide 58)

Question 11

What does cortisol do?

Answer 11

It is associated with stress and has a powerful suppressive activity on inflammation and specific immunity
(Lecture 2, Slide 58)

Question 12

What is psychoneuroimmunology?

Answer 12

The immune system can alter neural and endocrine function and vice versa
(Lecture 2, Slide 58)

Question 13

What is the major problem of transplanting?

Answer 13

Graft rejection
(Lecture 2, Slide 59)

Question 14

What are patients given during transplants?

Answer 14

Immune function suppressing drugs
(Lecture 2, Slide 59)

Question 15

What is blood type based on?

Answer 15

It’s based on antigen on the surface of erythrocyte (red blood cell)
(Lecture 2, Slide 60)

Question 16

What blood type is the universal donor and why?

Answer 16

Type O blood has neither A nor B antigens and so can be given to any person
(Lecture 2, Slide 60)

Question 17

What blood type is the universal recipient and why?

Answer 17

Individual with AB blood can receive any type of blood since they do not have antibodies to A or B
(Lecture 2, Slide 60)

Question 18

What is an allergy?

Answer 18

It is an immune response to environmental antigens causing inflammation and damage to body cells
(Lecture 2, Slide 61)

Question 19

What do allergies result in?

Answer 19

They can cause hypersensitivity
(Lecture 2, Slide 61)

Question 20

What is an allergen?

Answer 20

Allergens are antigens causing allergies
(Lecture 2, Slide 61)

Question 21

How are allergens harmful?

Answer 21

Most allergens are harmless, the immune response to them is the problem
(Lecture 2, Slide 61)

Question 22

How are allergies classified?

Answer 22

They are classified according to speed of the reaction
(Lecture 2, Slide 61)

Question 23

What are the two different types of hypersensitivity?

Answer 23

Delayed hypersensitivity and immediate hypersensitivity
(Lecture 2, Slide 62)

Question 24

What happens after initial exposure in Immediate hypersensitivity?

Answer 24

After initial exposure, IgE antibodies attach themselves to mast cells.
(Lecture 2, Slide 62)

Question 25

What happens after subsequent exposure in Immediate hypersensitivity?

Answer 25

Causes mast cells to release inflammatory mediators.
(Lecture 2, Slide 62)

Question 26

What 4 things does the release of inflammatory mediators result in?

Answer 26

Congestion, runny nose, sneezing and difficulty breathing.
(Lecture 2, Slide 62)

Question 27

What does AIDS stand for?

Answer 27

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(Lecture 2, Slide 63)

Question 28

What is AIDS caused by?

Answer 28

The Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
(Lecture 2, Slide 63)

Question 29

How does AIDS cause death?

Answer 29

Death from AIDS is usually from opportunistic infections that a normal immune system would fight off.
(Lecture 2, Slide 63)

Question 30

How does AIDs infect the body?

Answer 30

It preferentially infects helper T cells using CD4 as a receptor for virus entry.
(Lecture 2, Slide 63)