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BM108: Organisms and Diseases > Block D Part 3: Mammals and Adaptations to their Environment > Flashcards

Block D Part 3: Mammals and Adaptations to their Environment Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 common features of mammals.

A

Four chambered hearts (with atria and ventricles)
Warm-blooded (endotherms) with high and constant body temperature
Muscular diaphragm used in breathing
Single-boned lower jaw
Three bones in the middle ear
Hair at some point in development
Milk-producing glands in females
(Lecture 3, Slide 4)

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2
Q

What are the three types of mammals?

A

Monotremes
Marsupials
Placentals
(Lecture 3, Slide 6)

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3
Q

How are mammals classified?

A

Based on how offspring are produced and how the young develop
(Lecture 3, Slide 6)

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4
Q

How do monotremes reproduce and develop?

A

In eggs
(Lecture 3, Slide 7)

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5
Q

Is the embryo in marsupials developed when born?

A

No
(Lecture 3, Slide 8)

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6
Q

Where does the embryo go to develop after birth in marsupials?

A

Its mother’s pouch
(Lecture 3, Slide 8)

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7
Q

What does the mother’s pouch of a marsupial contain?

A

The nipples for milk
(Lecture 3, Slide 8)

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8
Q

Where does the embryo develop in placentals?

A

In the female uterus
(Lecture 3, Slide 9)

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9
Q

Where does a placental embryo gain oxygen and nutrients from and how?

A

The placenta, via the blood
(Lecture 3, Slide 9)

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10
Q

How is waste material from a placental embryo removed?

A

Via the placenta
(Lecture 3, Slide 9)

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11
Q

When is a placental embryo retained in the body until?

A

Until it reaches an advanced state of development
(Lecture 3, Slide 9)

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12
Q

What do mammals do in cold conditions?

A

Retain body heat and body temperature (core temp)
(Lecture 3, Slide 10)

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13
Q

What do mammals do in warm conditions?

A

Limit water loss and maximise ingested water
(Lecture 3, Slide 10)

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14
Q

What do mammals do in low oxygen conditions?

A

Maximise oxygen intake
(Lecture 3, Slide 10)

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15
Q

What do mammals do when seasons vary?

A

Reduce metabolism to maintain body head in the winter (winter dormancy)
Torpor or aestivation in the summer (summer dormancy)
(Lecture 3, Slide 10)

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16
Q

What are 2 examples of things a mammal (such as a polar bear) does in cold conditions in order to retain body heat and core temperature?

A

Insulating layers (such as a fur coat)
Small surface area : volume ratio (to minimise heat loss)
White camouflage
Large feet to distribute load on ice
(Lecture 3, Slide 12)

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17
Q

What is the human body’s primary method of cooling the body in periods of extreme heat?

A

Sweating
(Lecture 3, Slide 13)

18
Q

How can mammals obtain water from their food?

A

Produced from the metabolic breakdown of food
(Lecture 3, Slide 14)

19
Q

Why is it a bad idea for mammals to drink sea water?

A

They could end up ingesting 3X the salt found in blood
(Lecture 3, Slide 14)

20
Q

What are 3 things a mammal (such as a camel) may do to adapt to heat?

A

Adaptations to kidneys to prevent water loss
Sweat glands - to make sweating rare
Large surface area: volume ratio to maximise heat loss
Large flat feet, slit-like nostrils, double row of eyelashes and thick eyebrows
Thick top layer fur (adaptation to cold nights)
Hump for storage of fat (broken down for water)
(Lecture 3, Slide 15)

21
Q

What is the first step of salt and water management in mammalian kidneys?

A

Glomerular filtration
(Lecture 3, Slide 16)

22
Q

What is involved in the glomerular filtration step of salt and water management in mammalian kidneys?

A

Blood passes through the biological microfilter in the glomerulus part of the kidney.
Water and small molecules like salt pass though the filter, but larger molecules, as well as blood cells, don’t
(Lecture 3, Slide 16)

23
Q

Water is the second step in the salt and water management in mammalian kidneys?

A

Reabsorption
(Lecture 3, Slide 16)

24
Q

What is involved in the reabsorption stage in the salt and water management in mammalian kidneys?

A

The filtered plasma passed through a long tube called the Loop of Henle, where the water is reabsorbed
(Lecture 3, Slide 16)

25
Q

What occurs after the reabsorption stage in salt and water management in mammalian kidneys?

A

Concentration of the fluid and formation of urine
(Lecture 3, Slide 17)

26
Q

How do marine and desert animals produce more concentrated urine?

A

They have a longer Loop of Henle
(Lecture 3, Slide 18)

27
Q

What are 2 ways in which mammals (such as marine mammals) adapt to low oxygen levels.

A

Efficient exchange of air at the water surface, take up of more oxygen in blood cells and storage in muscles, reduction of blood supply to the extremities

Slow heart rate to conserve oxygen and ensure flow to vital organs

Anaerobic respiration takes place in muscles

Higher concentrations of haemoglobin and myoglobin
(Lecture 3, Slide 19)

28
Q

What, other than oxygen can bind to haemoglobin (Hb)?

A

Carbon dioxide
(Lecture 3, Slide 21)

29
Q

What is PO2?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen; the amount of oxygen gas dissolved in the blood
(Lecture 3, Slide 22)

30
Q

What does high PO2 cause haemoglobin to do?

A

Take up oxygen
(Lecture 3, Slide 22)

31
Q

What does low PO2 cause haemoglobin to do?

A

Drop oxygen
(Lecture 3, Slide 22)

32
Q

What are 3 things that shift the dissociation curve of haemoglobin to the right?

A

Carbon dioxide, decrease in pH and rise in temperature
(Lecture 3, Slide 24)

33
Q

What is myoglobin (Mb)?

A

A small oxygen carrying pigment found in muscle tissues
(Lecture 3, Slide 25)

34
Q

What does myoglobin consist of?

A

A single polypeptide chain of 153 amino acids and a single haem prosthetic group
(Lecture 3, Slide 25)

35
Q

What is the role of myoglobin?

A

It stores oxygen and facilitates oxygen diffusion in contracting muscle tissue
(Lecture 3, Slide 25)

36
Q

When does myoglobin release oxygen?

A

During periods of hypoxia (deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues) or anoxia (severe hypoxia)
(Lecture 3, Slide 25)

37
Q

State 3 ways in which a mammal can adapt to variation in seasons.

A

Conservation of energy when food supplies become scarce
Slowing down of metabolism and heart rate
Oxygen consumption falls (breathing slows)
Dropping body temperature (regulated hypothermia)
Regulation of enzyme activity
(Lecture 3, Slide 26)

38
Q

What is torpor?

A

A hypometabolic state (35% of basal metabolic rate)
(Lecture 3, Slide 27)

39
Q

What is torpor regulated by?

A

Circadian rhythm
(Lecture 3, Slide 27)

40
Q

How often can torpor occur?

A

Can occur daily for a few hours
(Lecture 3, Slide 27)

41
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

Psychological and behavioural characteristics that follow a daily, or circadian pattern
(Lecture 3, Slide 28)

42
Q

How does jet lag effect circadian rhythms?

A

Results in phase shifts as a result of travelling across time zones
(Lecture 3, Slide 28)

BM108: Organisms and Diseases (16 decks)

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