Block 10 key things to learn Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main buffers in the body and where do they act?

A

Phosphate- important renal tubule buffer
HP04 + H = H2po4

Ammonia- renal tubular buffer
NH3 + H = NH4

Proteins- intracellular and plasma buffer
H + Hb = HHb

Bicarbonate- most important extracellular and renal tubule buffer
H2O + CO2 = H2CO3 = H + HCO3

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2
Q

What do you look at to work out if acidosis is due to respiratory or metabolic cause?

A

Arterial blood gases- see pH first- if under 7.35 = acidosis, if over 7.45 = alkalosis
Then look at levels of CO2 and HCO3- either one is high and other normal, or both high or both low- never 1 high and 1 low.
e.g. if ph is acidic and CO2 and HCO3 are both high then it must be a resp acidosis and HCO3 is high to try to compensate

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3
Q

What is the treatment for BPH?

A

Alpha blockers- help symptoms and act quickly

5 Alpha reductase inhibitors- help stop further prostate growth but take a while to act

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4
Q

What is the leading cause of end stage renal disease in the west?

A

Diabetic Nephropathy

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5
Q

Which level do the kidneys lie at?

A

T12- L3

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6
Q

Where do the renal arteries arise from?

A

From aorta at L1-2

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7
Q

Where does horseshoe kidney get stuck under?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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8
Q

What role does prostaglandins have in the kidneys?

A

dilates the afferent arteriole to increase blood flow to the tubule, but taking NSAIDs can cause renal damage by reducing prostaglandins and causing afferent arteriole constriction.

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9
Q

What do ACE inhibitors do to the kidney?

A

Efferent arteriole dilation- so can cause kidney damage

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10
Q

How do you diagnose an AKI?

A

rise in serum creatinine over 26umol in 48 hours
creatinine rise 1.5 x baseline in 7 days
Oliguria of less than 0.5ml / kg/ hr for 6 days

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11
Q

Where does BPH usually occur?

A

Transitional zone

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12
Q

What substances increase GFR by dilating afferent arteriole?

A
Prostaglandins
Kinins
Low dose dopamine
ANP
NO
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13
Q

Where are calcium and magnesium mostly reabsorbed?

A

calcium mostly reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubule

Magnesium mostly reabsorbed in thick ascending limb of loop of hence

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14
Q

What is stress incontinence and how is it treated?

A
Weeing when cough etc.
Lifestyle changes- reduce caffeine
Pelvic floor exercises
Alpha agonists
Duloxetine
Oestrogen
Tricyclic antidepressants
Vaginal wall suspension procedures
Suburethral slings
Urethral sphincter augmentations
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15
Q

What is urge incontinence and how is it treated?

A
Overactive bladder
Treat underlying cause
Behavorial therapy
Botox
Acticholinergics- oxybutynin
Meribagron
Sacral nerve stimulation
Detrusor myomectomy
Interstim therapy- sacral nerve stimulation
Tibial nerve stimulation- stimulate S2-4 nerves to stop extra bladder contractions
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16
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome and name some examples?

A
Loss of protein in urine
Minimal change disease- KIDS
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Membranous glomerulonephritis- KIDS
Diabetic nephropathy
Amyloidosis
SLE
Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis
17
Q

What is nephritic syndrome and name some examples?

A
Proteinuria and haematuria
SLE
IgA nephropathy
Henoch-Schonlein purpurn
Goodpastures syndrome
Post-streptococcal GN
Haemolytic uraemia syndrome due to damage to endothelial cells
18
Q

What are the causes and treatment of kidney stones?

A

Calcium oxalate- most common- low calcium diet
Struvite- linked with UTI
Uric acid- can’t see on Xray- treat with allopurinol

19
Q

What is the difference between countercurrent exchange and multiplication?

A

Nephron loop establishes osmotic gradient by countercurrent multiplication, then vasa recta maintains it by countercurrent exchange

20
Q

What does angiotensin II do to the kidney?

A

Constricts the efferent arteriole to increase the GFR. It also constricts the afferent article but not as much and it release NO in afferent to prevent too much constriction