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Body logistics > BL11 L21 Nervous Tissue Structure And Function > Flashcards

BL11 L21 Nervous Tissue Structure And Function Flashcards

1
Q

How can the nervous system be divide?

A

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Relay neurones

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3
Q

What is the PNS composed of?

A

Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Motor and sensory neurones
Some relay neurones

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4
Q

Where is grey matter in the brain and spinal cord?

A

Brain- peripheral in areas called nuclei
Spinal cord- centrally in butterfly shape

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5
Q

What does grey matter consisted of?

A

Nerve cell bodies
Dendrites
Axon terminals
Non myelinated axon
Neuroglia - support cells

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6
Q

Where is white matter in the brain and spinal cord?

A

Brain- central
Spinal cord- peripheral

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7
Q

What does white matter consist of?

A

Myelinated material

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8
Q

Types of neurones

A

Motor
Sensory
Integrative/relay
Anaxonic

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9
Q

Location of motor neurones

A

CNS to periphery

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10
Q

Function of motor neurones

A

Sends signals to effector tissues

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11
Q

Location of sensory neurones

A

Periphery to CNS

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12
Q

Function of sensory neurones

A

Sends environmental signals to integrative centre

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13
Q

Location of integrative neurones

A

CNS

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14
Q

Function of integrative neurones

A

Collate all information

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15
Q

Types of integrative neurones

A
  • Pyramidal cell
  • Interneurons - synaptic information flow in brain + reflex arc
  • Purkinje cell - involved in sending signals to other parts of the brain
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16
Q

Anaxonic neurone structure

A

No axon

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17
Q

Location of anaxonic neurones

A

Retina

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18
Q

Function of anaxonic neurones

A

Acts as relays

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19
Q

What are the majority of nerves in the CNS?

A

Interneurones

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20
Q

What neurone cell bodies are located outside the CNS?

A

Motor- postsynaptic autonomic neurone
Sensory - Pseudounipolar + bipolar

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21
Q

What neurones are restricted to the CNS?

A

Integrative- purkinje + pyramidal cells

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22
Q

Shape of grey matter in spinal cord

A

Butterfly
Centrally

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23
Q

Function of nissl body

A

Synthesis and segregation of proteins
Main site of protein synthesis in neuronal cytoplasm

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24
Q

Process of neurotransmitter synthesis release

A
  • immature vesicles constrain only enzymes
  • as it moves along the axon it synthesises the neurotransmitter
  • after neurotransmitter is released, the vesicle can either be - recycled through clathrin-coated endocytosis or lost to neurolemma

Transport using microtubules

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25
Q

Two fates of vesicle after neurotransmitter release

A

-Recycled through clathrin-coated endocytosis
-Lost to neurolemma

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26
Q

How are vesicles transported?

A

Microtubules

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27
Q

Types of synapse

A

Axosomatic
Axodendritic
Axoaxonic
Dendro-dendritic
Axo-axonal

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28
Q

What is axosomatic synapse?

A

Direct connection to plasma membrane of nerve or cell

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29
Q

What is axodendritic synapse?

A

Axon terminal synapses with dendritic spine

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30
Q

What is axoaxonic synapse?

A

Synapse at the axonic bouton

31
Q

What is the axonic bouton?

A

Small swellings at terminals of axons
Involved in axoaxonic synapse

32
Q

What causes schizophrenia?

A

Mutation in myelination

33
Q

Do myelinated or non-myelinated nerves conduct faster?

A

Myelinated
Saltatory conduction- Can jump between nodes of ranvier

34
Q

How does diameter of axon impact the speed of conduction?

A

Larger diameter = faster conduction

35
Q

What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?

A

Degeneration of myelin sheath

36
Q

Symptoms of MS

A
  • fatigue
  • diplopia
  • dysarthria - slurred speech
  • Paraesthesia
  • mobility issues
  • urinary retention
  • constipation
37
Q

Diplopia meaning

A

Vision problems

38
Q

Dysarthria meaning

A

Slurred speech

39
Q

Paraesthesia meaning

A

Numbness and tingling sensations

40
Q

What is dendro-dendritic synapse?

A

Between dendrites of two different neurones

41
Q

What is axo-axonal synapse?

A

Between axon of two different neurones

42
Q

Parts of peripheral nerves

A

Endoneurium
Perineurium
Epineurium
Paraneurium

43
Q

What connective tissue is endoneurium?

A

Loose connective tissue

44
Q

What connective tissue is Perineurium?

A

Specialised connective tissue - transport proteins

45
Q

Fascicle meaning

A

Bundle of structures

46
Q

What connective tissue is Epineurium?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

47
Q

Function of Epineurium

A

Separates different types of nerves
Fills spaces between fascicles

48
Q

Function of endoneurium

A

Surrounds single nerve cells/axon

49
Q

Function of Perineurium

A
  • maintains ionic con. around nerve
  • Surrounds cluster of axons (fascicle)
50
Q

Function of Paraneurium

A

Fascia that separates nerves from surrounding structures

51
Q

Structure of neurovascular bundle of PNS

A
  • Each exon is surrounded by endoneurium
  • Many of these together forms a fascicle
  • Each fascicle is surrounded by perineurium
  • Fascicles are grouped + get surrounded by epineurium
52
Q

What types of nerve fibres are in peripheral nerves?

A

All three- motor, sensory and integrative

53
Q

What is myelin produced by in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

54
Q

What is myelin produced by in the PNS?

A

Schwann cell

55
Q

What does damage in myelin in CNS cause?

A

Multiple sclerosis

56
Q

What does damage to myelin in the PNS cause?

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome
Fatal

57
Q

How does myelination occur in the PNS

A

Schwann cell
- axon sitting in a groove is surrounded by Schwann cell
- the mesaxon membrane surrounds the axon
- extensions of this membrane wrap around the axon, forming a multiple layered membrane
- cytoplasm is extruded from the Schwann cells to compact them and form myelin

58
Q

How does myelination occur in CNS?

A

-oligodendrocytes
- same process as Schwann cells wrapping around the axon

59
Q

Difference between CNS and PNS myelination

A
  • CNS uses oligodendroytes - wrap around more than one axon simultaneously
  • PNS uses Schwann cells - wrap around one axon
60
Q

What does tolluidine blue stain and what colour?

61
Q

What do unmyelinated cells look line in histology?

A

Double layered
White circle with two blue circles around

62
Q

What do myelinated cells look like in histology?

A

One thick coloured layer

63
Q

Unmyleinated nerve cells structure

A
  • Individual axons are engulfed by cytoplasm of Schwann cell
64
Q

What are glia?

A

Support cells in the CNS

65
Q

What are the four support cells/glia in the CNS?

A
  • oligodendocytes
  • Astrocytes
  • microglial cells
  • ependymal cells
66
Q

Astrocytes function

A
  • regulate nerve impulses by releasing glutamate
  • contribute to blood-brain barrier
  • biochemical support
  • transport of nutrients from blood to nerve cells
67
Q

Astrocytes structure

A

Star-like structure
Perineural feet - contain gap junctions

68
Q

Microglial cell structure

A
  • Large cells
  • Have elongated nucleus
69
Q

Microglial cell function

A

Resident macrophage
- immune function
- remove damaged nerve cells
- sense increased K+ ions - bad for the brain

70
Q

Ependymal cell location

A

Line the spinal canal

71
Q

What do ependymal cells look like?

A

Columnar epithelia cells
Apical surface have cilia and microvilli

72
Q

What do the cilia and microvilli do in ependymal cells?

A

Cilia- move through ventricles to the spinal cord
Microvilli- absorb CSF for removal of pathogens by presenting them to Astrocytes and microglial cells

73
Q

What does the modified tight junction between ependymal cells do?

A

Control fluid release into brain

74
Q

What controls fluid release into brain?

A

Modified tight functions between ependymal cells

Body logistics (20 decks)

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