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Body logistics > BL Muscles > Flashcards

BL Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the types of muscles

A

non striated muscle - smooth muscle
striated muscle - skeletal + cardiac muscle

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2
Q

What is myalagia?

A

Muscle pain

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3
Q

What is myasthenia?

A

Muscle weakenss

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4
Q

What is myoclonus?

A

Sudden spasm of muscles

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5
Q

What muscle types are striated?
What are the main features?

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle

Myoglobin present
Striped

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6
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

Red protein containing haem
Carries and stores oxygen in striated muscle cells

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7
Q

What is detected in the blood when skeletal muscle dies?

A

Myoglobin

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8
Q

What can high levels of myoglobin in the blood cause?
What can be used to detect this?

A

Renal damage&raquo_space; tea coloured urine

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9
Q

Define each of these words:

  • sarcolemma
  • sacroplasm
  • sarcosome
  • sacromere
  • sacroplasmic reticulum
A
  • sarcolemma - outer membrane of a muscle cell
  • sacroplasm - cytoplasm of a muscle cell
  • sarcosome - mitochondrion
  • sacromere - contraction unit of striated muscle
  • sacroplasmic reticulum - smooth ER of muscle cell
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10
Q

Explain the relationship between haemoglobin and myoglobin

A

Haemoglobin gives up oxygen to myoglobin, especially when pH is lowered

Active muscles produced CO2 or lactic acid&raquo_space; results in acidic conditions

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11
Q

What is a muscle fibre?

A

A striated muscle cell

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12
Q

Describe the skeletal muscle structure

A
  • Actin and myosin within sarcomeres
  • Many sarcomeres makes up a myofibril
  • Many myofibrils make up a muscle fibre
  • Muscles fibres are packaged into fascicles
  • Endomysium between individual muscle fibres
  • Perimysium wraps around a fascicle
  • Epimysium wraps around many fascicles
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13
Q

What is created at the origin and insertion tendon point of skeletal muscle?

A

Tension at origin tendon point
Movement at insertion tendon point

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14
Q

Describe a sarcomere under a microscope

A

A band - myosin + actin - dark
H zone - myosin only
I band - actin only - light

Z lines at either end of the sacromere
Dark M lines in middle of sarcomere

Dark Z line | light I band | dark A band | light I band | Dark Z line

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15
Q

Causes of muscle atrophy

A

Muscle inactivity
Malnutrition
Cancer
Neurogenic

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16
Q

What are the types of muscle contraction speeds?

A

Slow - red
Fast - white
Intermediate - white

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17
Q

Compare slow and fast twitch fibres in relation to:

  • capillary supply
  • aerobic or anaerobic
  • myoglobin levels
  • mitochondria
  • cytochromes
  • colour
  • fatigue
  • function
A

Slow twitch:
- rich blood supply
- aerobic
- high myoglobin levels
- many mitochondria
- many cytochromes
- red
- fatigue resistance
- endurance type activities

Fast twitch:
- poor capillary supply
- anaerobic
- low myoglobin levels
- few mitochondria
- few cytochromes
- white/pale
- rapidly fatigues
- strength

18
Q

Describe the structure of actin filament

A
  • Forms a helix
  • Tropomyosin molecules coil around > reinforcement
  • Troponin complex attached to tropomyosin molecule
  • Made of actin fibres + actin globules
19
Q

What does continued muscle contraction depend upon?

A

Ca2+ ions
Amounts of ATP

20
Q

Describe the structure of cardiac muscle fibres

A

Striated
Centrally positioned nuclei
Intercalated discs
Branching

21
Q

Explain and describe the use of troponin in enzyme assay

A

Used a marker for cardiac ischaemia
Released from ischaemic cardiac muscles

Indicative of cardiac muscle damage

22
Q

What can be detected in the blood after cardiac muscle damage?

A

Troponin

23
Q

Outline the morphology, connections, control and power of skeletal muscles

A
  • Morphology - long parallel cylinders
    - multiple peripheral nuclei
    - striations
  • Connections - fascicle bundles
    - tendonds
  • Control - somatic + voluntary
  • Power - rapid + forceful
24
Q

Outline the morphology, connections, control and power of smooth muscles

A
  • Morphology - spindle shaped tapering ends
    - single central nuclei
    - no striations
  • Connections - gap junctions
    - connective tissue
  • Control - involuntary
  • Power - slow + sustained
25
Q

Outline the morphology, connections, control and power of cardiac muscles

A
  • Morphology - short branched cylinders
    - single central nuclei
    - striations
  • Connections - junctions
  • Control - involuntary
  • Power - lifelong variable rhythm
26
Q

What is creatine kinase used for?

A

To measure and diagnose heart attacks

27
Q

What could a rise in creatine kinase by due to?

A

Heart attack
IM injection
Rhabdomyolysis
A fall
Vigorous physical exercise

28
Q

What are natriuretic peptides?

A

Peptide hormones that are synthesised by heart, brain and other organs

Atrial natriuretic peptides - atria
Brain-type natriuretic peptides - ventricles

29
Q

When are natriuretic peptides released?
Where from?

A
  • By heart during heart failure (atrial + ventricle distension)
  • LV hypertropy + mitral valve disease BNP
  • Congestive heart failure ANP
  • Atrial natriuretic peptides - atria
  • Brain-type natriuretic peptides - ventricles
30
Q

What do natriuretic peptides do?

A

Reduce arterial pressure
- By decreasing blood volume + systemic vascular resistance
- reduce renin release
- vasodilation

31
Q

What are purkinje fibres?

A

Specialised myocardial cells which carry impulses to ventricular muscle from AVN to allow ventricles to contract in a synchronous manner

32
Q

Cellular features of purkinje fibres

A

Abundant glycogen
Sparse myofribrils
Extensive gap junction sites

33
Q

Location of smooth muscles

A

Forms contractile walls of passageways or cavities

34
Q

What are indicators are muscle injury?

A

Creatine kinase - all muscle
Myoglobin - skeletal muscle
Troponin I - cardiac muscle

35
Q

What is an indicatior of skeletal muscle damage?

A

Myoglobin

36
Q

What is an indicatior of cardiac muscle damage?

A

Troponin I

37
Q

Why is troponin I assay better to diagnose than creatine kinase?

A

More specific
CK is all muscle
Troponin I is cardiac muscle

38
Q
  • Actin and myosin within **
  • Many sarcomeres makes up a **
  • Many myofibrils make up a **
  • Muscles fibres are packaged into **
  • ** between individual muscle fibres
  • ** wraps around a fascicle
  • ** wraps around many fascicles
A
  • Actin and myosin within sarcomeres
  • Many sarcomeres makes up a myofibril
  • Many myofibrils make up a muscle fibre
  • Muscles fibres are packaged into fascicles
  • Endomysium between individual muscle fibres
  • Perimysium wraps around a fascicle
  • Epimysium wraps around many fascicles
39
Q

Describe the structure of the three types of muscle cells

A

skeletal:
- striated
- multi nucleated

cardiac:
- striated
- single central nucleus
- intercalated discs
- branching

smooth:
- non striated
- central nuclei
- spindle shaped

40
Q

Outline skeletal muscle repair

A
  • cannot divide
  • regenerate but mitotic activity of satellite cells
  • causing hypertrophy + hyperplasia
41
Q

Outline cardiac muscle repair

A
  • incapable of regeneration
  • fibroblasts invade, divide + lay down scar tissue > fibrosis + loss of function
42
Q

Outline smooth muscle repair

A
  • retain mitotic activity
  • stable cells

Body logistics (20 decks)

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