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Body logistics > BL Lymphatics > Flashcards

BL Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the flow of lymph

A

Capillaries > vessels > trunks > ducts > right lymphatic duct OR thoracic duct (left)

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2
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • fluid balance
  • transport of fats and fat-soluble vitamins
  • defence against invading pathogens and disease
  • storage of and destruction of aged erythrocytes
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3
Q

What is responsible for storage and destruction of aged erythrocytes?

A

Spleen
Liver can take over after splenectomy

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4
Q

How does the lymphatic system defend against invading pathogens?

A
  • lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs filter lymph to removed microorganisms + foreign particles
  • T + B lymphocytes + macrophages
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5
Q

Identify the cells of the lymphatic system

A
  • lymphocytes - B+T cells + natural killer cells
  • supporting cells - follicular dendritic cells + macrophages
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6
Q

Identify tissues of the lymphatic system

A

Mucosal associated lymphatic tissue (MALT):
- gut associated lymphatic tissue (GALT)
- bronchus associated lymphatic tissue (BALT)

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7
Q

Organ of the lymphatic system

A

Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen

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8
Q

Identify the lymphatic nodules of the lymphatic system

A

Tonsils
Peyer’s patches
Vermiform appendix

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9
Q

Function of the thymus in the lymphatic system

A

Primary lymphatic organ
Responsible for maturation of immature T cells

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10
Q

Function of the spleen in the lymphatic system

A
  • Consists of red pulp - filters RBC
  • Consists of white pulp - filters pathogens
  • Contains B+T cells - adaptive immune function
  • Stores +destroys old erythrocytes
  • Clears encapsulated bacteria
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11
Q

What bacterial infections are patients with a splenectomy at an increased risk of and why?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae

Spleen is important in clearing encapsulated bacteria

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12
Q

Function of vermiform appendix

A

Prevents pathogens entering through the GI tract
Contains crypts and M-fold cells

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13
Q

What is the vermiform appendix?

A

An out punching from the caecum (first part of the large intestine)
Lower right quadrant of abdomen

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14
Q

What are Payer’s patches?

A

Collection of lymphatic nodules attached to the side of the ileum
Prevent pathogens entering the blood through digestion

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15
Q

Function of Payer’s patches

A

Prevent pathogens entering the blood through digestion

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16
Q

Organisation of the lymphatic system

A

Lymph
Lymph vessles
Lymphoid tissues and organs
Cells contained within tissues and organs

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17
Q

Location of the lymphatic system

A

Everywhere but the CNS
Adjacent to blood vessels

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18
Q

What is lymph?

A

Interstitial serum-like fluid (pH 7.4)

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19
Q

What is chyle?

A

Lymph from the GI tract
White + cloudy - contains fats + dissolved lipids

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20
Q

How much lymph is produced a day?

A

3-5 litres

21
Q

Describe lymphatic capillaries

A
  • Blind ended vessels - closed at one end
  • Incomplete basement membrane with valves to allow fluid to flow one way
22
Q

What three features help to move lymph?

A
  • Skeletal muscle movement
  • Pressure changes in thorax during breathing
  • Pulsations of adjacent arteries - lymphangion compression
23
Q

Compare lymphatic capillaries and veins

A

Similarities;
- low pressure
- valves present

Differences:
- no cells in lymphatic normally

24
Q

Name of duct on the right side of the body in lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic duct

25
Q

Name of duct on the left side of the body in lymphatic system

A

Thoracic duct

26
Q

What is cisterna chyli?

A

Large container of chyle from GI tract

27
Q

What does the lymphatic duct drain?
What does it drain into?

A

Upper right quadrant of body

Right subclavian vein/internal jugular vein

28
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain?
What does it drain into?

A

Rest of body (not the upper right quadrant) - left side of body + everything under umbilicus

Left subclavian vein/internal jugular vein

29
Q

Most clinically important lymph nodes

A

Neck - cervical
Groin - inguinal
Armpit - axillae
Chest - Pectoral region - especially women

30
Q

Structure of lymph nodes

A
  • Afferent lymph vessels enter at convex surface
  • Efferent lymph vessels leave at concave surface
  • Multiple follicles - nodules that contain immune cells
  • made by reticular cells (reticulin - collagen III)
31
Q

Immune cells found in lymph nodes

A

Macrophages
Dendritic cells
B+T cells

32
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

APCs that activate T cells in lymph nodes

33
Q

Function of lymph node

A

Filters lymph fluid by trapping antigens from pathogens, processing + presenting them on APCs

34
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

Enlargement of lymph nodes due to activation of B cells by T cells

35
Q

What is lymphoma?
Hodgkin’s vs non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Cancer of lymph node

  • Hodgkin’s: treatable + curable
  • Non-Hodgkin’s: treatable but incurable
36
Q

Primary lymphatic organs

A

Thymus
Bone marrow

37
Q

Secondary lymphatic organs

A

Lymph node
Spleen
Tonsils
Appendix
Payer’s patches

38
Q

Primary vs secondary lymphatic organs function

A

Primary - production + maturation of immune cells
Secondary - trapping + presenting foreign antigens to lymphocytes

39
Q

What growth factor induces lymphocyte proliferation?

A

Interleukins

40
Q

Function of spleen

A

Immune function:
- activation + proliferation of B+T cells&raquo_space; production of antibodies
- removal of large antigens from blood using macrophages

Haemopoietic functions:
- removal + destruction of old + damaged RBCs
- storage of RBCs
- retrieval of iron from haemoglobin

41
Q

Function of tonsils

A

prevent pathogen entry through oral + nasal routes

42
Q

What is lymphoedema?

A

Dysfunction in the lymphatic system resulting in swelling of lymph

43
Q

Casues of primary lymphoedema

A

Genetic causes

44
Q

Causes of secondary lymphoedema

A

Surgical removal of nodes
Infections
Cancers of the lymph nodes - lymphoma

45
Q

Describe the role of sentinel lymph nodes in metastatic cancer

A
  • First lymph node cancer cells drain into from a primary metastatic tumour in order to spread
  • Used in detecting cancers
46
Q

Treatments of lymphoedema

A

Lymph press system
- Pushes lymph up the body
- Only improves symptoms, doesn’t cure

47
Q

Compare and contrast lymph nodes and nodules

A
  • Lymph nodules do not have a defined fibrous capsules of connective tissue surrounding the tissue
  • lymph nodules don’t filter the lymph fluid - no vessels
48
Q

What is Hogkin’s lymphoma characterised by?

A

Reed sternberg cells

49
Q

What is non Hodgkin’s lymphoma characterised by?

A

Increased proliferation of B or T cells

Body logistics (20 decks)

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