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Body logistics > BL Connective Tissue > Flashcards

BL Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Tissue that supports, protects + connects other tissues and organs in the body
Made of cells, fibre + ground substance

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2
Q

What are the 3 components of connective tissue?

A

Cells
Fibres
Ground substance

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3
Q

What are the main cells in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts
Chondrocytes
Osteocytes/blasts/clasts
Stem cells
Adipocytes
Reticular cells - in lymphatic vessels

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4
Q

What are the 3 fibres in connective tissue?

A

Collagen
Elastin
Reticulin

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5
Q

What are the 3 groups of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper
Fluid connective tissue
Supportive connecting tissue

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6
Q

What are types of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose
Dense

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7
Q

What are the types of fluid connective tissue?

A

Blood
Lymph

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8
Q

What are the types of supportive connecting tissue?

A

Cartilage
Bone

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9
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Gel containing protein glycoproteins, glycoaminoglycans, lipids + water

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10
Q

What is extracellular matrix?

A

Ground substance and fibres linked to form a complex network

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11
Q

Function of fibroblasts

A

Produce collagen + fibres of ground substance

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12
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A
  • Binding + supporting
  • Protection
  • Insulating
  • Storage - bone marrow + adipose
  • Transporting substances
    Separation of tissue
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13
Q

What is the least specialised connective tissue in adults?

A

Loose/areolar connective tissue

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14
Q

What are the two types of dense connective tissue?
Describe each type

A

Irregular - fibres running in different direction
Regular - fibres running parallel to each other

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15
Q

Structure of loose connective tissue

A
  • Cells - fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, adipocytes
  • Fibres - collagenous + elastic
  • Ground substance
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16
Q

Functions of loose connective tissue

A
  • Holds vessels
  • Permits cell migration
  • Involved in inflammation pathways
  • Packaging around organs
  • Shock absorber
  • Stabilises organs - surrounds all organs
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17
Q

What do mast cells contain?

A

Histamines - ^ blood vessel wall permeability
Heparin - anticoagulant
Cytokines - attract eosinophils and neutrophils

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18
Q

Function of histamines

A

Increase blood vessel wall permeability

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19
Q

What do mast cells look like?

A

Basophils
Many vesicles

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20
Q

What is a unilocular adipocytes?

A

A large single lipid droplet
Nucleus, cytoplasm + organelles all sequenced to one side of cell

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21
Q

Why do adipocytes appear white in H&E staining?

A

Xylene + toluene strip out the fats

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22
Q

Function of white adipose tissue

A

Padding
Shock absorber
Insulation
Energy reserve

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23
Q

What is a multilocular adipocyte?

A

Multiple small lipid drops
Nucleus, cytoplasm + organelle squeezed to centre of cell

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24
Q

Function of brown adipose tissue

A

Insulation
Energy reserve

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25
Q

Nucleus in white vs adipose tissue

A
  • white: nucleus pushed to side
  • brown: central nucleus
26
Q

What type of adipose tissue has the most mitochondria?

A

Brown

27
Q

What are adipose cells generated from?

A

Immature fibroblasts
Mesenchymal stem cells

28
Q

Who is brown adipose tissue found in?

A

Neonates
Young children
Upper backs of adults

29
Q

Lipid breakdown in white adipose tissue

A

Slow
Heat only generated after shivering reflex

30
Q

Why do babies have brown adipose tissue?

A

Unable to shiver

31
Q

How does brown adipose generate heat?

A

1- noradrenaline released in response to cold
2- noradrenaline activates lipase: TAG > fatty acids
3- fatty acids activate UCP1 (thermogenin)
4- UCP1 uncouples ETC
5- H+ transported back to mitochondria
6- energy released as extra heat

32
Q

What does brown adipose tissue contain that allows heat generation?

A

Thermogenin (UCP1) - physiological uncoupler

33
Q

What are the 4 types of collagen?

A
  • Type I - most common
    - in tendons, skin dermis
  • Type II - fibrils don’t form fibres
    - in hyaline + elastic cartilage
  • Type III - reticulin
    - fibres around muscles + nerves
    + within lymphathic tissues
    -Type IV - in basement membrane
34
Q

What is the most common type of collagen?

A

Type I

35
Q

What collagen is present in hyaline + elastic cartilage?

A

Type II

36
Q

What type of collagen is reticulin?

A

Type III

37
Q

What type of collagen is in the basement membrane?

A

IV

38
Q

What fibre is absent in loose connective tissue?

A

Reticulin

39
Q

Functions of the fibres in connective tissue

A
  • collagen - flexible with high tensile strength
  • reticulin supportive framework
  • elastin - recoil after stretch
40
Q

Where is loose connective tissue located?

A

Around small blood vessels
Beneath epithelia
Associated with epithelium of glands

41
Q

What is proteoglycans?

A

Large macromolecule consisting of a core protein which glycoaminoglycans are covalent bound

42
Q

What are glycoaminoglycans?
Example

A

Long chained polysaccharides
hyaluronic acids

43
Q

Function of irregular dense tissue

A
  • Prevents tearing - Irregular arrangement resists forces in multiple directions
  • Stretch + recoil - due to elastic fibres
44
Q

Structure of mucoid connective tissue

A
  • Cells - immature fibroblasts
  • Fibres - collagen II fibres
  • Ground substance - hylauronic acid
45
Q

Where is mucoid connective tissue found?

A

Umbilical cord
Vitreous humour of eye

46
Q

Examples of locations dense irregular connective tissue

A

Deep layer of dermis
Submcosa of intestine

47
Q

Examples of locations of dense regular connective tissue

A

Tendons
Ligaments
Aponeuroses

48
Q

What type of collagen is in dense connective tissue?

A

Collagen I

49
Q

Types of fascia

A

Superficial
Deep
Visceral or parietal

50
Q

Structure of fascia

A

Sheet of fibrous connective tissue containing closely packed bundles of collagen fibres orientated in a wavy pattern parallel to direction of pul

51
Q

What clinical conditions result due to connective tissue issues?

A

Scurvy
Marfan’s syndrome
Osteogenesis imperfecta

52
Q

What is elastin surrounded by?

A

Fibrillin

53
Q

Distinguish between the structure of loose and dense connective tissue

A

Loose - many cells
- sparse collagen fibres
- abundant ground substance

Dense - few cells (nearly all fibroblasts)
- many collagen fibres
- little ground substance

54
Q

Where is connective tissue located?

A

At the sites where pathogens can be destroyed by cells of the immune system

55
Q

2 examples of loose connective tissue

A

Superficial dermis of skin
Submucosa of colon

56
Q

Describe the structure of ligaments

A

Collagen bundles densely packed in parallel arrangements
Are arranged in fascicles

57
Q

What germ layer to most connective tissue cells originate from?

A

Mesoderm

58
Q

Structure of collagen

A
  • 3 alpha polypeptide chains
  • repeating structure with glycine in every 3rd position
  • glycine lie in middle of helix
59
Q

What does abnormal collagen type I result in?

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

60
Q

What are the layers of the basement membrane?

A

Basal lamina
Reticular lamina

Body logistics (20 decks)

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