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Body logistics > BL Embryology > Flashcards

BL Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 key steps of embryonic development?

A

1- fertilisation + implantation
2- gastrulation
3- neurulation
4- segmentation
5- folding

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2
Q

When is the pre-embryonic period?

A

First 2 weeks

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3
Q

When is the embryonic period?

A

3-8 weeks

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4
Q

When is the foetal period?

A

9-38 weeks

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5
Q

Total period of gestation

A

38 weeks +/- 2

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6
Q

What is the length of a clinical pregnancy?

A

40 weeks?

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7
Q

What are the stages of the pre-embryonic period?

A

1- fertilisation
2- cleavage
3-compaction
4- hatching
5- implantation

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8
Q

Describe fertilisation

A

1- oocyte released from ovary
2- travels along fallopian tube under action of progesterone
3- sperm fertilised in ampulla
4- zygote formed

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9
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Fertilised oocyte

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10
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

Ampulla of fallopian tube

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11
Q

Where is the ideal site for implantation?

A

Posterior uterine wall

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12
Q

What is a morula?

A

Solid ball of cells from a zygote

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13
Q

What is cleavage?

A

First division of zygote resulting in 2 blastomeres surrounded by Zona pellucida

Initiates a series of mitotic cell division which forms a morula

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14
Q

What is compaction?

A

Formation of a blastocyst

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15
Q

What is pre-implantation genetic diagnosis?

A

When a cell is safety removed from morula to be tested for serious hereditary conditions

Done before implantation of embryo in IVF

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16
Q

What happens in week 1?

A

1- cleavage
2- compaction
3- hatching

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17
Q

What is Zona pellucida?

A

Thick glycoproteins shell which surrounds blastomeres + protects from sperm after fertilisation

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18
Q

What is hatching?

A

Blastocyst leaves Zona pellucida + can interact with uterine surface to implant

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19
Q

Describe a blastocyst

A

Inner cell mass (embryoblast)
Outer cell mass (trophoblast)
Zona pellucida surrounding
Blastocyst cavity

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20
Q

What will the embryoblast develop into?

A

Embryo

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21
Q

What is a trophoblast?

A

Cells forming the outer layer of blastocyst that provide stability to blastocyst

22
Q

What type of stem cells are before and after compaction?

A

Before - Totipotent
After - pluripotent

23
Q

Why is week 2 called the week of twos?

A

Trophoblast splits into - syncytiotrophoblast
- cytotrophoblast
Embryoblast forms bilaminar disc - epiblast
- hypoblast

24
Q

What provides O2 and nutrient to growing embryo?

A

Maternal blood

25
Q

What does the hypoblast do?

A

Lines the yolk sac

26
Q

What is the result of early embryonic period?

A

Foundations for development of body systems

27
Q

What is needed in the early embryonic period?

A

Sufficient cells of right type in the right place

28
Q

What happens in gastrulation?

A

Bilaminar disk&raquo_space; trilaminar disk
Forms three germ layer - ectoderm, mesoderm + endoderm

29
Q

Why does gastrulation occur?

A

To ensure correct placement of tissues to allow subsequent morphogenesis to occur

30
Q

When does gastrulation occur?

A

Week 3
Embryonic period

31
Q

How does gastrulation occur?

A
  • Primitive streak forms in caudal epiblast
  • migration + invagination of epiblast cells
  • bilaminar disk&raquo_space; trilaminar disk
32
Q

What does the ectoderm derive into?

A

Organs+ structures that maintain contact with outside world
e.g. nervous system, epidermis

33
Q

Where does the nervous system arise from?

A

Ectoderm

34
Q

What does the mesoderm derive into?

A

Supporting tissues
e.g. muscles, cartilage, bone, vascular system

35
Q

What does the heart arise from?

A

Mesoderm

36
Q

What does the endoderm derive into?

A

Internal structures
*e.g. epithelial lining of GI tract, respiratory tract, parenchyma of glands

37
Q

What are the types of mesoderm?

A

Somatic
Splanchnic
Paraxial
Intermediate

38
Q

Where do somites arise form?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

39
Q

What are the somites derivatives and what do they form?

A

Dermatome&raquo_space; dermis
Myotome&raquo_space; muscles
Sclerotome&raquo_space; hard tissue, bone

40
Q

What does folding achieve?

A

Draw together margins of disk
- creates ventral body wall
- pulls amniotic membrane around disk
- pulls connecting stalk centrally

Puts heart + diaphragm in right place
Creates new cavity within embryo

41
Q

What occurs after 4 weeks?

A

Nervous system forming
Embryo folded&raquo_space; everything in correct place
Segments appeared&raquo_space; cells have specific tasks

42
Q

Describe neurulation

A
  • Notochord releases signals
  • overlying ectoderm thickens > neuroectoderm
  • mesoderm becomes Paraxial, intermediate, somatic or splanchnic mesoderm
43
Q

Describe folding of embryo

A

Cephalcaudal
Head folds
Tail folds
Lateral folding
Forms primitive gut + amniotic sac

44
Q

How does the neural tube form?

A

The neural plate forms paired neural folds that unite

45
Q

How does the neural plate form?

A

Notochord induced thickening on the overlying ectoderm

46
Q

How are holes left available for mouth and anus?

A

Gaps in mesoderm on trilaminar disc allow for holes to not be closed up

47
Q

What does the neural tube become?

A

Central nervous system

48
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

Thin depression on the surface of ectoderm

49
Q

What does the trophoblast split into?

A

Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast

50
Q

What does the embryoblast split into?

A

Epiblast
Hypoblast

51
Q

What is morphogensis?

A

Development of form and structure

52
Q

Describe how the intraembryonic coelom is formed?

A

Splanchnic folds down + towards itself, meeting in the middle + jointing
Somatic layer folds down (lower than splanchnic layer) joining with itself, leaving a cavity

This cavity i the intraembryonic coelom

Body logistics (20 decks)

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