BL Bone, Bone Marrow, Blood And Blood Vessels

Question 1

What are the types of bones?

Answer 1

Long
Short
Irregular
Sesamoid
Flat

Question 2

Describe long bones
Examples

Answer 2

Longer than they are wide
Mostly in appendicular skeleton

e.g. femur

Question 3

Function of long bones

Answer 3

Support the weight of the body
Facilitate movement

Question 4

Describe short bones
Examples

Answer 4

As long as they are wide

e.g.. wrist and ankle bones

Question 5

Function of short bones

Answer 5

Provide stability and some movement

Question 6

Describe flat bones
Examples

Answer 6

Flattened with roughly parallel opposite edges

e.g. sternum, ribs, ilium

Question 7

Function of flat bones

Answer 7

Protection of internal organs
Area for attachment of muscles

Question 8

Function of irregular bones

Answer 8

Provides anchor points for muscles
Protect internal organs:
- Vertebrae protect spinal cord
- Sacrum protects pelvic organs

Question 9

Functions of sesamoid bones

Answer 9

Protect tendons from stress and damage from wear and tear

Question 10

Where is yellow bone marrow found?

Answer 10

Medulla region of bone

Question 11

Where is red bone marrow found?

Answer 11

Ends of long bones
Only in cancellous bone

Question 12

What are the main cells of yellow bone marrow?

Answer 12

Adipose tissue
Contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat or bone cells

Question 13

Function of red bone marrow

Answer 13

Site of haemopoiesis

Question 14

Function of yellow bone marrow

Answer 14

Shock absorber
Energy source - adipose

Question 15

Compare and contrast red and yellow bone marrow

Answer 15

Red:
- full of developing blood cells
- rich blood supply
- only in cancellous bone
- site of haematopoiesis

Yellow:
- full of adipocytes
- poor blood supply
- shock absorber + energy source

Question 16

Growth factor for RBCs

Answer 16

Erthyropoietin

Question 17

Growth factor for granulocytes

Answer 17

Granulocytes stimulating horomones

Question 18

Growth factor for lymphocytes

Answer 18

Interleukins

Question 19

Growth factor for platelets

Answer 19

Thrombopoietin

Question 20

Describe sinusoids

Answer 20

Incomplete basement membrane
Intracellular gap so that cells can get in and out

Question 21

Pathway of newly formed RBCs

Answer 21

Venule > intermediate vein > larger vein > vena cava

Question 22

Pathway of newly formed WBCs

Answer 22

Venule > intermediate vein > larger vein > vena cava

Question 23

How long does it take for RBCs to mature?

Answer 23

2 days

Question 24

What is flow in capillary controlled by?

Answer 24

Precapillary sphincters

Question 25

Function of precapillary sphincters

Answer 25

Control flow in capillaries Controls fluid exchange between capillaries and body tissues

Question 26

Structure of veins

Answer 26

**Tunica intima** - endothelialcells **Tunica media** - smooth muscle + elastic fibres **Tunica adventica** - elastic fibrous capsule Have valves

Question 27

Structure of arteries

Answer 27

**Tunica intima** - elastic membrane **Tunica media** - smooth muscle + elastic fibres - thicker in arteries than veins **Tunica adventica** - collagen + elastic fibres Smaller lumen than veins

Question 28

What is vasculogenesis?

Answer 28

Formation of new blood vessels

Question 29

What is angiogenesis?

Answer 29

Formation of new blood vessels from existing blood vessels

Question 30

What is intussusception of vessels?

Answer 30

Splitting of one vessel into two Takes minutes to hours

Question 31

What is pericyte?

Answer 31

A stem cell that sits over the top of capillaries

Question 32

Function of pericytes

Answer 32

Prevents endothelial cell proliferation Maintains tight capillaries

Question 33

Function of collateral blood vessels

Answer 33

Provide alternative path for arterial blood flow