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Non sense > Bites And Stings > Flashcards

Bites And Stings Flashcards

1
Q

Plants

A

Plants usually cause contact problems (ingestion with PEDs)

Reactions can be delayed due to bodies first protective mechanism

Reactions can still become fatal

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2
Q

Animals

A

Animals usually go through the protective dermis layers

Reactions / problems occur quicker due to vascular access

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3
Q

Plants signs and symptoms of the sympathetic system

A

Tachycardia

Dilated pupils (mydriasis)

Hot dry skin

Decreased bowel sounds

Altered vision

Abnormal mental status

Some may start as a stimulant and follow with depression and weakness

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4
Q

Plants signs and symptoms of parasympathetic system

A

Bradycardia

Pinpoint pupils (miosis)

Salivation

Hyperactive bowel sounds

Diarrhea

Some may start as a stimulant and follow with depression and weakness

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5
Q

Spider bites

A

Spider bites can cause various problems from local to systemic

Neurotoxin (poisonous to nerves or nerve cells)

Cytotoxic (causing cell death / local tissue necrosis)

Reaction to bites are also directly related to patient size and health

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6
Q

For main spiders

A

Orb-weaver spider

Black widow spider

Thin legged wolf spider

Brown recluse

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7
Q

Orb weaver spider

A

Found in most regions of Alberta

Most sightings during latter part of the summer

Poisonous bite but generally not harmful to humans

Children may react more than healthy adults

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8
Q

Orb-weaver spider signs and symptoms

A

Site swelling

Site redness / pain

Site numbness

Extreme cases include n / v

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9
Q

Black widow

A

Rare in Alberta

Have been found with fruit shipments

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10
Q

Black widow signs and symptoms

A

Spasms

Bites

Muscle rigidity

Intense pain

Headache

Dizziness

Nausea

Vomiting

Edema of the eyelids

Increased sweating and salivation

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11
Q

Thin legged wolf spider

A

Found in grassy regions locations across the province

Don’t make webs but run down prey

Largest spider

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12
Q

Good legs wolf spider signs and symptoms

A

Minor skin tears

Redness / swelling at site

Blackness / necrosis may develop at site

Swollen lymph glands

Signs and symptoms can last up to 10 days

Generally bites of this kind are not fatal

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13
Q

Scorpions

A

It is not deadly

Its sting is relative to that of a bee with similar signs and symptoms and treatment

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14
Q

Rattlesnake

A

Pit viper family

20% of victims died a hundred years ago

Anti-venom available

Bite itself can be serious if not treated, but for a healthy adult a bite is usually not life-threatening

Do not apply ice

Recent studies show that Iceman in fact make the injury worse

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15
Q

Snake bite signs and symptoms

A

A noticeable bite on the skin which may appear as a discolored area with two but occasionally only one puncture mark

Pain and swelling in the area of the bite - may take several hours to develop

Rapid pulse and laboured breathing

Progressive general weakness and paresthesias

Vision problems

Nausea and vomiting

Drowsiness or unconsciousness

Massive edema

Subcutaneous ecchymosis

Shock

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16
Q

Bees and wasps

A

Bees and wasps sting and injector venom

Honey bees are the only ones to leave the stinger behind, due to a barbed stinger

Bumblebees and all wasps (including hornets) can sting numerous times, due to a smooth stinger

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17
Q

Bees include

A

Honey bee

Bumble bee

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18
Q

Wasps include

A

Yellow jacket

Paper wasps

Bald faced Hornet

European hornet

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19
Q

Bee stinger removal

A

Drag a sharp object gently across the skin so it catches the stinger and drags it out

Do not squeeze as this will inject even more venom

20
Q

Mammalian or human bites

A

Animal bites carry a high risk of infection due to the large presence of bacteria viruses in the mouth

Larger animals when they bite will cause ragged tearing motions which will bleed more than smooth cuts

21
Q

Bite treatments

A

Clean as best you can

Control deadly bleeding

Bandage appropriately

22
Q

Rabies

A

Virus that can be spread via animal bites

Incubation. Equals 2 to 16 weeks

Animal carriers include : raccoons, skunks, bats, foxes, and even domesticated animals like cats cattle and dogs

23
Q

Rabies signs and symptoms

A

Onset of flu like symptoms

Progressive within days to symptoms of cerebral dysfunction, anxiety, confusion, agitation

Progressing to delirium, abnormal behaviour, hallucinations, and insomnia

24
Q

Rabies - the acute period of disease typically ends?

A

2 to 10 days after

Once clinical signs of rabies appear, the disease is nearly always fatal, and treatment is typically supportive

25
Q

Disease prevention for rabies is entirely?

A

Prophylactic and include both passive antibody (immune globulin) and vaccine

26
Q

Bites and stings treatment

A

If practical, attempt to collect the insects / reptile for identification

Call poison control center if required

Keep limb and mobilize to minimize the spread of toxins

Remove the stinger by scraping it out of the skin

Apply cold pack to reduce swelling / circulation (except pit viper)

Maintain and monitor and open airway

Place affected limb lower than heart

Draw lines on patient the show if any progression

ECG monitoring

Initiate IV in opposite limb

Transport

Keep patient calm to decrease excitation and blood flow

27
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions

A

An altered pathologic / immunologic reaction to an antigen after re-exposure

Repeated exposures causes increased reactions generally

Children can grow out of allergies

28
Q

Anaphylactic versus allergies

A

Allergic reactions are not anaphylactic reactions but anaphylactic reactions are allergic reactions

Difference is severity and systems affected

29
Q

Histamine response

A

Histamine H1 is the big problem

Histamine usually protects the body and signals defensive response by the body

  • attacks foreign bodies
  • helps healing process
30
Q

Histamine H1

A

Stored in my cells

Released when marker on cell is activated
-immunoglobulin E (IgE)

Ige become sensitized to wrong substance and becomes activated incorrectly on second exposure

31
Q

Histamine H1 causes?

A

H1 causes third spacing and vasodilation

swelling is body’s natural response to injury healing, except in this case, response outweighs the wound

Loosens Gap junctions between cells

Causes out rush of -phages and -phil’s

Itching stimulus and epidermis

Causes secondary smooth muscle constriction in bronchial and GI tract

32
Q

Allergic reactions

A

Allergic reactions are local responses to an antigen

Generally affect only one or two systems

Not life-threatening

Body will with time correct itself

Usually easily controlled with over the counter drugs

33
Q

Allergic reactions signs and symptoms

A

Conjunctivitis

Rhinitis

Angioedema

Urticaria / pruritus

Contact dermatitis

34
Q

Allergic reaction treatments

A

Street signs and symptoms at cordingly within scope

ALS treatment - diphenhydramine or Benadryl

Managed with drugs that compete with histamine at the receptor site

35
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Sensitization is the same as allergic reactions

Ige is stimulated on second exposure causing mast cell degranulation, just like allergic reaction

Histamine (short acting) and leukotrine (longer acting) release same as allergic reaction, except reaction is way stronger

  • profound vasodilation from increased vascular permeability
  • constriction / spasming of bronchial / GI smooth tissue
  • swelling of soft tissue in Airways
36
Q

Anaphylaxis exposure 4

A

Absorption

Inhalation

Ingestion

Injection

37
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Comes from Greek and means against or opposite of protection

Involves two or more systems with one typically being respiratory

Potentially deadly condition / reaction

Almost any substance can cause anaphylaxis

38
Q

Anaphylaxis accounts for how many death per year

A

Accounts for 400 to 800 deaths per year with a mortality rate of 3%

39
Q

Anaphylaxis signs and symptoms upper airway

A

Hoarseness

Strider

Laryngeal epiglottic edema

Rhinorrhea

40
Q

Anaphylaxis signs and symptoms lower airway

A

Bronchospasm

Increase mucus production

Accessory muscle use

Wheezing

Decreased breath sounds

41
Q

Anaphylaxis signs and symptoms cardiovascular system

A

Tachycardia

Hypotension

Dysrhythmias

Chest tightness

42
Q

Anaphylaxis signs and symptoms gastrointestinal system

A

Nausea vomiting

Abdominal cramps

Diarrhea

43
Q

Anaphylaxis signs of symptoms cutaneous system

A

Angioedema / edema

You treat carrier

Pruritus

Erythema

Tearing of the eyes

44
Q

Anaphylaxis signs and symptoms neurological symptoms

A

Anxiety

Dizziness

Syncope

Weakness

Headache

Seizure

Coma

45
Q

Anaphylaxis treatment

A

Position of comfort (usually tripod do to SOB) with legs elevated

O2 via NRB at 15L/min (ventilatory assistance PRN)

V/S q 5 minutes

Epinephrine 1:1000 IM or SC 0.3-0.5mg

  • may be repeated after 5 10 minutes if no improvement
  • Note: slower absorption with SC dose due to shock

Ventolin 2.5-5.0mg and atrovent 250-500mcg via NEB (may not be effective with poor ventilation). Max = 3 doses

Initiate large-bore IV x 2

Fluid bolus PRN 20cc/kg x 2 max

Rapid transport to hospital or ALS intercept

46
Q

Anaphylaxis criteria

A

Exposure to a known or suspected allergen with a sudden onset of illness and at least 1 of the following:

  • sudden respiratory signs and symptoms
  • sudden systolic BP less than 90 mmHg are symptoms of end organ dysfunction

OR

Exposure to a known or suspected allergen with a sudden onset of illness and BOTH of the following:

  • sudden skin are mucosal sign and symptoms
  • sudden gastrointestinal symptoms

Non sense (22 decks)

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