Birds Flashcards
. Feathers: _______ protein; lightweight w/ great _______ strength & ________ value
Keratin, tensile, insulation
_________ feathers: cover & streamline the body; _______
Contour, symmetrical
________ feathers are soft and barbules lack ______ so look fluffy rather than smooth; trap _____ near the body
Down, hooks, heat
Powder down disintegrates into powder which can be used to ________ feathers and ________ the surface during grooming.
Water proof, shine
The feather is composed of a single ________ w/ many ________ and interlocking _________ forming the face of the vane.
Shaft, barbs, barbules
____________: internal structure w/ many air spaces so bone is strong w/o additional weight
Pneumatized
Fused ________ w/ __________ ribs and sternum modified to form a “_______” - provides a form for __________ attachment.
Vertebrae, cross braced, keel, flight muscle
No ________ (unlike pterosaurs & archeopteryx) - only __________ covering external surface of jaw
Teeth, keratin plates
Muscles in _________ only (conserves _______); tendons lock _______ in place when grasping (even w/o blood flow).
Upper leg, heat, toes
Digestive system adapted for _______ breakdown of food due to ______ metabolic demands of flight & _________ metabolism.
Rapid, high, endothermic
_________ is enlarged region of esophagus; storage
Crop
Gizzard has __________ or small _______ for grinding.
Keratin plates, stones
Digestive _______ has bacterial breakdown of _________.
Ceca, cellulose
Digestive wastes expelled via…
Cloaca
Circulatory system has ______ chambered heart that completes the _________ of __________ from ________ blood flow; nucleate RBC’s and ________ for immunity.
Four, separation, pulmonary, systemic, phagocytes
Respiratory system has ______ metabolic demand of powered flight & __________ requires a lot of oxygen delivered to body cells.
High, endothermy
Gas exchange in _________ where air & blood perform _________ exchange.
Parabronchi, cross current
Propulsion is created by _______ feathers that extend beyond ______ of the wing.
Flight, edges
Lift is provided by the ________ - above air moves faster (_________), below air moves slower (_________).
Curved surface, low pressure, high pressure
___________ of wing relative to the air can maintain lift but only to a certain point and then turbulence behind the wing destroys lift and stalling occurs.
Angle of attack
_________ (short but wide) = maneuverable W/ slots = lift
Low aspect ratio
___________ (long & narrow) = lift (soaring)
High aspect ratio
__________, sharp tip (less drag) = speed
Swept back
_____________ b/w primary feathers = lift even at low speeds
Long & wide w/ slots
Climbing (_________)
Woodpecker
Grabbing (__________)
Hawk
Cold and snow (_________)
Ptarmigan
Swimming (________)
Duck
Wading (________)
Heron
- Migration, _________ stimulated based on __________, direction is learned based on _________ and/or
outside stimulation such as _____________ or __________.
Hormonally, hours of daylight, visual landmarks, magnetic force lines, angle of sunlight
Reproduction is by __________ but males lack a __________ structure so mating depends on proximity between the two _________.
Internal fertilization, copulatory, cloacas.
Female passes ovum down __________ where it is fertilized, _________ (egg white) is added and ____________ material is secreted around it.
Oviduct, albumin, calcareous shell
___________ is required to keep eggs warm enough that the embryo survives - _________ often assist, young are either ________ or ________.
Incubation, both parents, precocial, altricial
_________: able to run or swim as soon as their ________ plumage is dry even though parental care will continue for some time.
Precocial, downy
________: born naked, blind & unable to walk so will require constant parental care for some time.
Altricial
