Amphibians Flashcards
(What is a tetrapod?) Four ______, _______ limbs
Bony, muscular
(What is a tetrapod?) The remainder of tetrapods will be _________ (eggs w/ ____________) reptiles, birds & mammals.
Amniotes, extraembryonic membranes
(Moving onto land) Oxygen content of air is ______ than water so those with appropriate gas exchange structures will get ______ blood oxygen saturations in air than in water.
Greater, better
(Moving onto land) Air is a lot _____ dense than water so it provides ______ support against ________ meaning _______ skeletal & muscular structures will be needed to ______ the body.
Less, less, gravity, more, support
(Moving onto land) Air changes temp ________ so terrestrial animals will develop behavioral (_________) & physiological (_________,__________) that protect them from freezing.
Much more rapidly, hibernation, shivering, control of metabolic rate
(Moving onto land) ________ fertilization, ________ on body surface, eggs in ___________ all prevent drying in reproduction.
Internal, mucus, gelatinous mass
(Origins of Amphibians) ______ fin fishes w/ muscular, bony limbs (______________) for weight bearing.
Lobe, Pectoral girdles & limb bones
(Origins of Amphibians) Lung fishes developed blood supply to __________ for gas exchange which became an __________.
Swim bladder, internal lung
(Physiology of Amphibians) Integument is __________ with two layers (_________) & deposits of keratin (__________) to reinforce & water proof it (modified into ____________ in the rest of the amniotes).
Thin & moist, dermis & epidermis, tough and fibrous protein, scales and feathers & hair
(Skin secretions) _____ or _______ to waterproof skin.
Oil, mucus
(Skin secretions) _______ secrete _______ to irritate & repel predators.
Serous glands, toxins
(Physiology of Amphibians) _________ or pigment cells in skin create camouflage or warning pigmentation patterns.
Chromatophores
(Physiology of Amphibians) Endoskeleton of cellular bone & cartilage creates a framework for __________ & ____________.
Muscle attachment, protection of brain & organs
(Physiology of Amphibians) Muscles arranged…
Antagonistically
(Physiology of Amphibians) Flexors ______ while ________ straighten a joint.
Bend, extensors
(Physiology of Amphibians) ________ move limb towards the body while _______ move limb away from the body.
Adductors, abductors
(Physiology of Amphibians) _______ - doesn’t move when muscle contracts
Origin
(Physiology of Amphibians) ________ - moves when muscle contracts
Insertion
(Physiology of Amphibians) Respiration without a ________, air must be forced into the lungs by a _____________ (_____________)
Rib cage, pouch under the jaw, positive pressure
(Physiology of Amphibians) Gills & cutaneous exchange supplement __________ of lung by bringing ______ near the skin surface.
Surface area, blood
(Physiology of Amphibians) ________ chambered heart brings blood back to the heart following _______ in the _______ for an extra push before it goes to the body.
Three, oxygenation, lungs/gills
(Physiology of Amphibians) The _____ atrium de-oxygenates blood from body (_______).
Right, systemic
(Physiology of Amphibians) The _____ atrium oxygenated blood from lungs (_______).
Left, pulmonary
(Physiology of Amphibians) Common _________ is where some mixing occurs.
Ventricle
(Physiology of Amphibians) Brain has greater concentration of ________ in the head end as spinal nerves/spinal cord retain only __________ and brain takes on all _________.
Nerve tissue, reflex functions, sensory processes.
(Physiology of Amphibians) External eardrum (_________) & ossicles transmit sound; _________ semicircular canals.
Tympanum, three
(Physiology of Amphibians) Tongue is attached at the _______ of the lower jaw for maximum reach w/ _________ for capturing prey.
Front, adhesive pads
(Physiology of Amphibians) _______ & _______ teeth do not chew only prevent escape.
Maxillary, vomerine
(Physiology of Amphibians) ________ - Opens to trachea.
Glottis
(Physiology of Amphibians) ___________ - chem dig & absorbs nutrients.
Small Intestine
(Physiology of Amphibians) __________ - reabsorbs water.
Large Intestine
(Physiology of Amphibians) _______ - all mechanical digestion.
Stomach
(Physiology of Amphibians) _________ - membranes w/ blood vessels.
Mesenteries
