Biopsy 9

Question 1

Why are we emotional?

Answer 1

Emotions are survival mechanisms.

- emotions encourage us to do things like eat, defend or reproduce

Question 2

Which part of the brain is involved in generating emotional responses?

Answer 2

Limbic system

Question 3

How is emotional stimuli transffered into emotional response?

Answer 3

emotional stimuli is sent to the amygdala via sensory system, then to the frontal cortex by direct and indirect signals which creates a perception of emotion

Question 4

Describe the indirect pathway in interpreting emotions.

Answer 4

Hypothalamus sends messages to the autonomic nervous system —> physical changes in the body(e.g. heart rate increases) —> changes are fed back to the frontal cortex —> interprets emotion

Question 5

Amygdala are part of which system?

Answer 5

Limbic system

Question 6

What happen when there is a lesion in medial temporal lobe in the monkey experiment?

Answer 6

• Loss of fear and aggression
• increased sexual activity
• exhibit visual agnosia

Question 7

What is visual agnosia?

Answer 7

inability to interpret sensation and recognise things

Question 8

Is awareness of danger innate or learned?

Answer 8

Both involved.

Question 9

Strength of amygdala in emotion?

Answer 9

Improve survival chances.

- increases awareness of danger —> minimising contact with dangers

Question 10

Use learning theory to explain how amygdala involved in emotion.

Answer 10

amygdala links the neutral sensory stimuli with other stimuli that is directly associated with the threat

Question 11

What does the patient (SM) show when there is a bilateral damage?

Answer 11

• impaired in rating emotions related to fears and angers

- draw more positive emotions, e.g. happiness

Question 12

What is the common-sense view of how we feel emotions?

Answer 12

emotions —> body state changes

Question 13

What‘s the view of James-Lange theory by William James?

Answer 13

Changes in body state —> emotions

Question 14

What do the neurons in hypothalamus control?

Answer 14

Body functions: body Temp., heart rate , blood flow, eating & drinking

Question 15

Why do emotion affect body function?

Answer 15

Neurons in the hypothalamus control body functions receive connections from the amygdala

Question 16

How would animals react when they have a lesion in their cerebral cortex and an intact hypothalamus?
A.) Very happy to any external stimulus
B.) Very anxiious to any external stimulus
C.) Very aggressive to any external stimulus
D.) Above all

Answer 16

C.) Very aggressive to any external stimulus

Question 17

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) receives input from \_\_?\_\_
A.) amygadala
B.) Cerebral cortex
C.) hypothalamus
D.) spinal cortex

Answer 17

C.) hypothalamus

Question 18

Which system is responsible for calm and digest?
A.) Sympathetic nervous system
B.) Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 18

B.) parasympathetic nervous system

Question 19

Which system is responsible for fight or flight?
A.) Sympathetic nervous system
B.) Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 19

A.) sympathetic nervous system

Question 20

ANS has :
A.) motor neurons
B.) sensory neurons
C.) Both

Answer 20

C.) Both

Question 21

What do sensory neurons do in ANS?

Answer 21

Sensory neurons report physiological changes in the body caused by the motor neurons.

Question 22

What kind of injury shows that body state is necessary to perceive emotion?

Answer 22

patients with spinal-cord injury

Question 23

How does patients with spinal-cord injury show that body state is necessary to perceive emotion?

Answer 23

spinal-cord injury —> ANS is disconnected from the brain —> decrease in perceived emotion
(severity depends on the location)

Question 24

Leisons to the frontal lobes of monkeys, changes:
A.) normal relaxed behaviour to neuroticism
B.) normal neuroticism to a more relaxed behaviour

Answer 24

B.) normal neuroticism to a more relaxed behaviour

Question 25

What personality changes can be perceived when a human with behavioural disorders treated by Egas Moniz‘ treatment? (frontal leukotomy/lobotomy: by damaging their frontal lobe)

Answer 25

removing the capacity to understand their own emotion | e.g. smile when sb. die

Question 26

Egas Moniz‘ treatment for behavioural disorders in human show that emotional responses is __necessary/_unnecessary_?_ function for rational decision making.

Answer 26

emotional responses is a necessary functon for rational decision making

Question 27

Before information is reaching the frontal lobe, emotional responses are initiated by: A.) amygdala B.) Hypothalamus C.) Both amygdala and hypothalamus

Answer 27

C.) Both amygdala and hypothalamus

Question 28

What can frontal lobe do to emotional response if it is not warrented?

Answer 28

damp down or inhibit emotional response

Question 29

What connections failed to develop in adults often lead to phobia?

Answer 29

Connections between frontal lobes and limbic system

Question 30

``` Happiness is a rush of __?__ in the reward system & the absence of ___?___ emotion A.) Dopamine B.) Serotonin C.) ACh D.) NE E.) negative ```

Answer 30

A.) Dopamine | E.) negative

Question 31

Which part of the brain is responsible for generating negative emotion? A.) amygdala B.) hypothalamus C.) both

Answer 31

A.) amygdala

Question 32

``` Disorders like depression and affective mood disorder appear to involve connections between: A.) amygdala B.) frontal cortex C.) hypothalamus D.) prefrontal cortex ```

Answer 32

A.) amygdala & D.) prefrontal cortex

Question 33

Depression is most commonly linked to which neurotransmitters‘ reduction ?

Answer 33

Serotonin

Question 34

Explain why emotionality is said to be lateralised in cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 34

People with: - lesion in left hemisphere —> depression - lesion in right hemisphere —> cheerful

Question 35

Describe the lateralisation of emotion in the right hemisphere.

Answer 35

- negative emotion | - expression and comprehension in the emotional aspects of speech

Question 36

Describe the lateralisation of emotion in the left hemisphere.

Answer 36

- positive emotion

Question 37

Based on emotions/ facial expressions are similar across different cultures, who suggests that mtional expression is inherited?

Answer 37

Darwin

Question 38

``` Neurons that control muscles in the face receive input from __?__ and __?__ A.) amygdala B.) cerebral cortex C.) frontal cortex D.) hypothalamus E.) limbic system F.) prefrontal cortex ```

Answer 38

B.) cerebral cortex | E.) limbic system

Question 39

When we are asked to smile/ make a fake smile, which part do we activate and what kind of smile do we produce?

Answer 39

- activate motor cortex | - produces an unnatural asymmetric smile

Question 40

How do we produce a natural smile?

Answer 40

feel happy —> limbic system evoke a symmetric, natural smile

Question 41

Name the ability to spot a fake smile.

Answer 41

EI - emotional quotient

Question 42

How does meditation control our emotion by getting rid of the negativity? A.) triple the delta-wave activity B.) triple the gamma-wave activity C.) in frontal region and hypothalamus D.) in frontal region and parietal-temporal region E.) in amygdala and frontal region F.) in amygdala and prefrontal regions G.) in amygdala and parietal-temporal region

Answer 42

B.) triple the gamma-wave activity | D.) in frontal region and parietal-temporal region

Question 43

What does meditation do to the gamma rhythms?

Answer 43

Synchronised gamma rhythms across the cortex

Question 44

What does synchronised gamma rhythms associated with?

Answer 44

binding various neural components into a single perceptual construct