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Yr1-Psy1-Biopsychology > Biopsy 1 > Flashcards

Biopsy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Aristotle’s (384BC) Arguments

A

Heart Against the Brain as the Centre of Mind

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2
Q

Heart Against the Brain (Aristotle)

A
  • all animals have heart
  • heart is essential for life,
    Sensitive to touch(connected to sense organ),
    Affected by emotion
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3
Q

Brain? (Aristotle)

A
  • Invertebrates無脊椎動物 have sensation but no brain
  • brain is not essential(not connected to oether organs),
    Insensitive to touch,
    Emotionless
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4
Q

Descartes (1596 – 1650)

Tried to explain the brain in terms of…

A

machines

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5
Q

Descartes (1596 - 1650)

A

Mind controls the brain through the pineal body

Pineal Body: the structure which the mind flows

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6
Q

Mind-Body problem

A
  • Duolism

- Philosophical position that behaviour is controlled by two entities 實體

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7
Q

Localisation of function in the brain

  • by Gall (1758-1828)
  • brain, mind, faculty, size, shape, skull
A
  • brain is the organ of the mind
  • mind has multiple distinct, innate faculties
  • each distinct faculty have a separate seat/“organ” in the brain
  • size of an organ is a measure of its power
  • shape of the brain is determined by the development of the various organs
  • surface of the skull is read as an index 指標 of psychological aptitudes 能力傾向 and tendencies (as the skull takes its shape from the brain)
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8
Q

“brain is a composed
of large network of interconnected tubes and therefore it is misleading to think about functional localization.”
By…?

A

Camillo Golgi (1843-1926)

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9
Q

“nerve cells are discrete entities”

By…?

A

Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852 – 1934)

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10
Q

—> functional mapping of the cerebral cortex
—> from the case notes of 1600 WWI head wound casualties
By…?

A

Karl Kleist (1879-1960)

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11
Q

Ways of studying the brain

A 
Cytoarchitecture
Neuropsychology 
Imaging techniques 
Listening techniques
Stimulating techniques
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12
Q

Diff. between MRI vs. fMRI

A

MRI: studies brain anatomy
fMRI: studies brain function

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13
Q

Direction of water molecules during ____ state in MRI or fMRI?

a. ) Normal state:
b. ) magnetic field:
c. ) when radio is applied:

A

a. ) different direction
b. ) pointing one way
c. ) depends on the H2O density as the blood and brain, across area and damages

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14
Q

Galen‘s conclusion:
2 main visible parts of the brain?
& the location?

A 
soft cerebrum
hard cerebellum (at the back, underneath cerebrum)
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15
Q

Cerebrum & Cerebellum involved in?

Galen

A

Cerebral cortex: sensation, perception, memory

Cerebellum: movement control

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16
Q

What did Galen call the hollow area?

A

Ventricles

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17
Q

According to the humoral theory of Hippocrates, Galen suggests what‘s the use of humour‘s fluid flows from ventricles to ventricles via nerves?

A

initiating movement
&
registering nsations

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18
Q

Localisation of function in the brain

- By…?

A

Gall (1758-1828)

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19
Q

Describe how Lavery‘s Electric Phenometer work?

A

Stand on a box —> wear a helmet like apparatus that ‘read’ your skull features —> tell your strengths & weaknesses

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20
Q

“nerve cells were discrete entities” and they “became more complex in their structure with age”

-By…?

A

Cajal

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21
Q

Different views of Golgi & Cajal?

A

Golgi: nerve cells acted like the blood vessels of the body
Cajal: saw the nerve cells as separate entities with their own functions

22
Q

Grouping of nerve cells or neurons are clue to localisation of different functions
By…?

A

Brodmann

23
Q

Neuropsychology

A

interferences on the function of the brain damaged region

24
Q

Neuropsychology usually relies on ____?

A

Post-mortem

25
Q

Broca‘s area = where?

Damaged to it affects ___?

A

Frontal lobe

Speech production

26
Q

Weaknesses of neuropsychology

A
  • wait for a patient to die to see which particular brain region is attributed to the behavioural change
  • area of damaged brain regions might be very large which is therefore hard to define
27
Q

How does EEG work?

A

placing a cap with embedded electrodes —> inject electrode gel —> ensure good contact between electrode and the scalp —> brain wave can pass

28
Q

EEG is useful for investigating ___

A
  • neural activity / electrical activity

- Epilepsy

29
Q

EEG when sleeping?

  • frequency
  • amplitude waves
A

slow frequency

high amplitude waves

30
Q

Use of imaging techniques?

A

To see structural components

31
Q

Examples of imaging tech?

A

x-ray, CT

32
Q

What pictures does x-ray produce?

A

Cross-sectional pictures

33
Q

What Scanning techniques are commonly used in neuroscience?

A

MRI - Magnetic resonance imaging

34
Q

How does MRI work?

A

Apply strong magnetic field to align all water molecules in one direction —> apply radio wave to see water molecules‘ response

35
Q

Use of fMRI?

A
  • to track the blood flow in the brain during different task

- to work out the function of that brain area

36
Q

Disadvantage of fMRI

A
  • area that ‘light up’ might not be the cause

- correlation

37
Q

How does TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) work?

A
  • magnetic skull is sent through the skull while the person is given a task to do
  • TMS will switch on the part that is involved in processing the task —> not able to respond —> so will be slower in doing the task
  • indicate the area is necessary
38
Q

Names of the 2 structures in cerebrum

A 
cerebral cortex (outer layer)
sub-cortical
39
Q

Cerebral cortex contains …?

A

Left hemisphere

Right hemisphere

40
Q

Use of basal ganglia

A

Control of movement

41
Q

Which parts are important n memory formation & emotion?

A

Hippocampus
Amygdala
entorhinal cortex, fornix, cingulate cortex

42
Q

How are the 2 hemispheres connected?

A

By nerve fibres called corpus callosum

43
Q

Name the lobes and their function in the hemisphere

A
  • Frontal lobe - movement, thinking, planning
  • Parietal lobe - touch, balance and spatial awareness
  • Temporal lobe - hearing, speech comprehension, memory, visual recognition
  • Occipital lobe - visual processing
44
Q

Where is hippocampus?

A

medial of temporal lobe

45
Q

Cerebellum is important for ___ ?

A

Timing and accuracy of movement

46
Q

Wernicke‘s area is responsible for ___?

A

speech comprehension

47
Q

Who investigate the cortico-cortical connections in the chimpanzee

A

Bailey & von Bonin 1951

48
Q

Examples of listening technique

A

Single cell recording
EEG
ERP (Event-related potentials)
nIRS (near Infra-Red Spectroscopy)

49
Q

How does nIRS work?

A

Apply intense irared illumination —> light bounces off the cortex which makes faint reflection picked up by the sensitive etectors
- hightened activity in neurons increases scattering

50
Q

Limitations in using theses techniques

A
  • correlation only —> area that lights up might be passing on info to another
  • complex behaviours require many diff. areas coordinations
  • functions are both localised and distributed
51
Q

How does Cytoarchitecture work?

A

look at cells/neurons‘ connectivity, anatomical and functionality

Yr1-Psy1-Biopsychology (9 decks)

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