- Invertebrates無脊椎動物 have sensation but no brain - brain is not essential(not connected to oether organs), Insensitive to touch, Emotionless

Localisation of function in the brain - by Gall (1758-1828) - brain, mind, faculty, size, shape, skull

- brain is the organ of the mind - mind has multiple distinct, innate faculties - each distinct faculty have a separate seat/“organ” in the brain - size of an organ is a measure of its power - shape of the brain is determined by the development of the various organs - surface of the skull is read as an index 指標 of psychological aptitudes 能力傾向 and tendencies (as the skull takes its shape from the brain)

Biopsy 1 Flashcards by Joyce Tsang

Aristotle’s (384BC) Arguments

Heart Against the Brain as the Centre of Mind

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Heart Against the Brain (Aristotle)

all animals have heart
heart is essential for life,
Sensitive to touch(connected to sense organ),
Affected by emotion

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Brain? (Aristotle)

Invertebrates無脊椎動物 have sensation but no brain
brain is not essential(not connected to oether organs),
Insensitive to touch,
Emotionless

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Descartes (1596 – 1650)

Tried to explain the brain in terms of…

machines

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Descartes (1596 - 1650)

Mind controls the brain through the pineal body

Pineal Body: the structure which the mind flows

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Mind-Body problem

Duolism

- Philosophical position that behaviour is controlled by two entities 實體

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Localisation of function in the brain

by Gall (1758-1828)
brain, mind, faculty, size, shape, skull

brain is the organ of the mind
mind has multiple distinct, innate faculties
each distinct faculty have a separate seat/“organ” in the brain
size of an organ is a measure of its power
shape of the brain is determined by the development of the various organs
surface of the skull is read as an index 指標 of psychological aptitudes 能力傾向 and tendencies (as the skull takes its shape from the brain)

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“brain is a composed
of large network of interconnected tubes and therefore it is misleading to think about functional localization.”
By…?

Camillo Golgi (1843-1926)

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“nerve cells are discrete entities”

By…?

Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852 – 1934)

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—> functional mapping of the cerebral cortex
—> from the case notes of 1600 WWI head wound casualties
By…?

Karl Kleist (1879-1960)

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Ways of studying the brain

Cytoarchitecture
Neuropsychology 
Imaging techniques 
Listening techniques
Stimulating techniques

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Diff. between MRI vs. fMRI

MRI: studies brain anatomy
fMRI: studies brain function

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Direction of water molecules during ____ state in MRI or fMRI?

a. ) Normal state:
b. ) magnetic field:
c. ) when radio is applied:

a. ) different direction
b. ) pointing one way
c. ) depends on the H2O density as the blood and brain, across area and damages

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Galen‘s conclusion:
2 main visible parts of the brain?
& the location?

soft cerebrum
hard cerebellum (at the back, underneath cerebrum)

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Cerebrum & Cerebellum involved in?

Galen

Cerebral cortex: sensation, perception, memory

Cerebellum: movement control

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What did Galen call the hollow area?

Ventricles

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According to the humoral theory of Hippocrates, Galen suggests what‘s the use of humour‘s fluid flows from ventricles to ventricles via nerves?

initiating movement
&
registering nsations

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Localisation of function in the brain

- By…?

Gall (1758-1828)

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Describe how Lavery‘s Electric Phenometer work?

Stand on a box —> wear a helmet like apparatus that ‘read’ your skull features —> tell your strengths & weaknesses

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“nerve cells were discrete entities” and they “became more complex in their structure with age”

-By…?

Cajal

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Different views of Golgi & Cajal?

Golgi: nerve cells acted like the blood vessels of the body
Cajal: saw the nerve cells as separate entities with their own functions

Grouping of nerve cells or neurons are clue to localisation of different functions
By…?

Brodmann

Neuropsychology

interferences on the function of the brain damaged region

Neuropsychology usually relies on ____?

Post-mortem

Broca‘s area = where? | Damaged to it affects ___?

Frontal lobe | Speech production

Weaknesses of neuropsychology

- wait for a patient to die to see which particular brain region is attributed to the behavioural change - area of damaged brain regions might be very large which is therefore hard to define

How does EEG work?

placing a cap with embedded electrodes —> inject electrode gel —> ensure good contact between electrode and the scalp —> brain wave can pass

EEG is useful for investigating ___

- neural activity / electrical activity | - Epilepsy

EEG when sleeping? - frequency - amplitude waves

slow frequency | high amplitude waves

Use of imaging techniques?

To see structural components

Examples of imaging tech?

x-ray, CT

What pictures does x-ray produce?

Cross-sectional pictures

What Scanning techniques are commonly used in neuroscience?

MRI - Magnetic resonance imaging

How does MRI work?

Apply strong magnetic field to align all water molecules in one direction —> apply radio wave to see water molecules‘ response

Use of fMRI?

- to track the blood flow in the brain during different task | - to work out the function of that brain area

Disadvantage of fMRI

- area that ‘light up’ might not be the cause | - correlation

How does TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) work?

- magnetic skull is sent through the skull while the person is given a task to do - TMS will switch on the part that is involved in processing the task —> not able to respond —> so will be slower in doing the task - indicate the area is necessary

Names of the 2 structures in cerebrum

``` cerebral cortex (outer layer) sub-cortical ```

Cerebral cortex contains ...?

Left hemisphere | Right hemisphere

Use of basal ganglia

Control of movement

Which parts are important n memory formation & emotion?

Hippocampus Amygdala entorhinal cortex, fornix, cingulate cortex

How are the 2 hemispheres connected?

By nerve fibres called corpus callosum

Name the lobes and their function in the hemisphere

- Frontal lobe - movement, thinking, planning - Parietal lobe - touch, balance and spatial awareness - Temporal lobe - hearing, speech comprehension, memory, visual recognition - Occipital lobe - visual processing

Where is hippocampus?

medial of temporal lobe

Cerebellum is important for ___ ?

Timing and accuracy of movement

Wernicke‘s area is responsible for ___?

speech comprehension

Who investigate the cortico-cortical connections in the chimpanzee

Bailey & von Bonin 1951

Examples of listening technique

Single cell recording EEG ERP (Event-related potentials) nIRS (near Infra-Red Spectroscopy)

How does nIRS work?

Apply intense irared illumination —> light bounces off the cortex which makes faint reflection picked up by the sensitive etectors - hightened activity in neurons increases scattering

Limitations in using theses techniques

- correlation only —> area that lights up might be passing on info to another - complex behaviours require many diff. areas coordinations - functions are both localised and distributed

How does Cytoarchitecture work?

look at cells/neurons‘ connectivity, anatomical and functionality