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Yr1-Psy1-Biopsychology > Biopsy 6 > Flashcards

Biopsy 6 Flashcards

1
Q

During depolarisation, does the receptor move right or left?

A

Right

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2
Q

During hyperpolarisation, does the receptor move right or left?

A

Left

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3
Q

During depolarisation, does the nerve impulse frequency increase or decrease?

A

Increase

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4
Q

During hyperpolarisation, does the nerve impulse frequency increase or decrease?

A

Decrease

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5
Q

Is sound wave chemical or physical stimulus?

A

Physical

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6
Q

What is sound wave?

A
  • changes in air pressure
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7
Q

What caused sound wave?

A
  • vibrating air molecules
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8
Q

Sound cannot be perceived unless what have been done?

A

Convert the sound wave into electrical signals

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9
Q

State the 2 basic features in Sound Wave.

A

Frequency (pitch)

Amplitude (loudness)

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10
Q

What is Frequency ?

A

Air molecules vibration rate

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11
Q

Slow vibration generate __“low/high?”__ Frequency = __?__ Pitch
Fast vibration generate ?

A

Slow vibration —> low frequency = low pitch

Fast vibration —> high frequency = high pitch

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12
Q

What is Amplitude ?

A

Number of vibrating air molecules.

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13
Q

High amplitude means loud or soft sound?

A

Loud

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14
Q

What increases makes sound louder?

A

Increased no. of air molecules —> increases sound energy in sound wave —> Louder

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15
Q

What are sounds?

A

Mixture of frequencies

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16
Q

What determine sound’s complexity?

A

Mixture of frequencies

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17
Q

Why language and music differ from other auditory inputs?

A

They convey meanings

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18
Q

Which system is better at processing speech and music?

A

Auditory system

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19
Q

Which part of the ear collect and amplifies sound wave?

A

outer ear (pinna)

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20
Q

Human speech = Sound wave at __?__Hz are selectively amplified

A

3000Hz

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21
Q

Which part of the ear converts mechanical vibrations into electrical signals?

A

Inner ear (cochlea)

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22
Q

What is filled in the inner ear?

A

fluid

fluid filled inner ear

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23
Q

Use of middle ear (ear drum) ?

A

transmits sound energy mechanically to the inner ear (cochlea)

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24
Q

Use of inner ear (cochlea)?

A

converts mechanical vibrations into electrical signals

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25
Is the sound energy/vibration chemical, mechanical or physical?
Mechanical
26
What are located next to the basilar membrane?
Auditory receptor neurons in cochlea
27
Which neurons are used to convert sound into electrical signals & where is its location?
Auditory receptor neurons in cochlea next to the basilar membrane
28
Do different parts of the basilar membrane vibrate at different or the same frequencies of sound?
Different parts of basilar membrane vibrate at DIFFERENT frequencies of sound.
29
Describe how do receptor neurons in basilar membrane respond ?
Receptor neurons on different part of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies of sound & form a tonotopic map
30
Which part of the basilar membrane is tuned for high frequency?
Narrow, thick base
31
Which part of the basilar membrane is tuned for low frequency?
Wide, thin apex
32
Which frequency of sound wave causes peak bending of the basilar membrane?
Medium frequency of sound wave
33
Which part of the basilar membrane is tuned for low frequency?
Wide, thin apex
34
Which frequency of sound wave causes peak bending of the basilar membrane?
Medium frequency of sound wave
35
What is attached to the basilar membrane of the cochlea and vibrate when appropriate frequency is heard?
hairs of auditory receptor cells/hair cells
36
State another way that lead to hearing loss.
Extreme loud noise —> upturing of the eardrum
37
Consequences of damage to the hairs of auditory receptor cells/hair cells & explain how?
- Hearing loss | - Repeated exposure to loud noise —> receptor neurons are pulled off
38
Amplitude(loudness) is denoted by frequency of __?__
action potential
39
Where are the signals being relayed to after arriving the brainstem from cochlea?
midbrain, thalamus, cerebral cortex
40
Signals from one ear are processed in both, same or opposie hemisphere(s)?
Both hemispheres
41
Does the same or opposite hemisphere receives preferential input?
Opposite hemisphere
42
Audible spectrum for human in Hz?
20 - 20,000 Hz
43
Smaller animals can detect lower or higher frequecies of sound? & Why?
Smaller animals can detect HIGHER frequency because they have a smaller cochlea which resonate better at higher frequencies.
44
What result to localization?
Integrating information from 2 ears
45
Sound originate from the Left side of the body is louder in the Left. Why?
reach the left ear first, then the right | —> but perceive as one single sound
46
Where are the location of the neurons that detect the differences of louder/softer sounds in one ear?
brainstem & midbrain
47
Which neurons are arranged in a tonotopicmap?
neurons in primary auditory cortex
48
Why are neurons in primary auditory cortex arranged in a tonotopicmap?
To respond to different frequencies of sound. ie. neurons respond to high frequency tone are grouped together; those respond to low frequency tone are grouped together
49
Which part connect Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area?
Arcuate fasciculus
50
Which area contains sound images of words?
Wernicke’s area
51
Which area stores motor programmes for speaking words?
Broca’s area
52
Describe the process of speech comprehension.
Spoken words —> A1 —> Wernicke’s area —> Comprehend word heard
53
Describe the process of speech production.
Thought —> Wernicke’s area —> Broca’s area —> facial area of motor cortex —> cranial nerves —> Speak
54
What is Aphasia?
Inability to understand or produce language due to damage to language regions of the brain.
55
What is Wernicke’s aphasia?
Inability to understand or produce meaningful language
56
What is Broca’s aphasia?
Inability to speak fluently | But with normal comprehension
57
Language initially develops in which hemisphere?
Both hemisphere
58
95% of people’s language development shifts from both hemispheres to which hemisphere by the age of 5?
Left hemisphere
59
Suggest a reason responsible to sluttering.
Competition for dominance between left and right hemispheres due to disturbance to lateralisation of function
60
Role of right hemisphere.
- understanding the emotional content in language | - process music
61
Reading & writing involves more than just the language area. State those other areas that are involved.
- visual cortex —> take info from the page | - motor cortex —> activates muscles for writing
62
How is dyslexia formed?
Blockage or Disruption between areas that are involved in reading and writing (Ie. Language area, visual cortex, motor cortex)
63
What are taught after children learn to speak? Why?
Read & write | - It is a recent development in evolutionary due to no specific brain system for reading & writing

Yr1-Psy1-Biopsychology (9 decks)

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