Biopsy 8 Flashcards by Joyce Tsang

What is Genotype?

Full set of genes an organism has.

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How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a cell?

23 pairs

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Which pair of chromosome is the sex chromosomes?

23rd pair

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What are the sex hormones released by both male and female’s reproductive organs?

Androgens, Estrogens, Progesterone

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Is the ‘action’ of sex hormone pre-natal or post-natal?

Pre-natal

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Is the ‘proportion’ of sex hormone pre-natal or post-natal?

Post-natal

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Foetuses will remain __?__ if there are no Müllerian inhibitory hormones.

Female

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Use of Müllerian inhibitory hormones?

Inhibits formation of Müllerian ducts —> Wolffian ducts are retained

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Role of Müllerian ducts.

Give rise to female reproductive organs

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Which duct is responsible to generate male reproductive organ?

Wolffian ducts

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When are Androgens released and what is its role in males?

Pre-natal and 1st week of post-natal

leads to the development of testes
changes in the brain, e.g. hypothalamus

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What‘s the difference in hypothalamus releasing hormones between males and females?

Females: cyclically
Males: steadily

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Which nucleus of the rat is same size at birth ?

Preoptic nucleus

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Which hormones in male rats lead to the changes in preoptic nucleus? What is the change?

Estradiol.

Leads to preoptic nerve grow several times larger than than the females’.

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What is sexual dimorphic?

Nucleus and its size is correlated with testosterone level and sexual activity.

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Where do estradiol come from?

Aramatase converts testosterone into estradiol.

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Which region is twice as large in males?

INAH3

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Which region has twice the no. of neurons in the male brain?

SCN - suprachiasmatic region

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Which hormone act on the brain all through life?

Gonadal hormones

What is Turner’s syndrome?

- lack of sexual development in women

What is CAH (Congenital adrenal hyperplasia) ?

- high level of androgens —> masculine phenotype

What is AIS (Androgen insensitivity syndrome) ?

- not responsive to androgen —> feminisation

What is sexually dimorphic behaviour?

Behaviours different between sexes.

Which region leads to female sexual behaviour in rats?

Ventromedial region of the hypothalamus which has many estrogen receptors

Proceptive behaviours in female rats prompts male rats to mate with them. This behaviour is mediated by which part of the hypothalamus in male rats?

Preoptic area

Name the different region of the hypothalamus in males and females that is responsible for mating.

Males: preoptic area Females: Ventromedial region

Complex songs produced by songbirds are used to __?__

Attract potential mate

What characteristics does the complex song in songbirds comprises of?

Repeating elements, e.g. introductory notes & multi-note syllables

Lesion to the males’ hypothalamus, males: A.) gain access and show interest to females, but do not copulate with them B.) gain access, show interest and copulate with the females C.) show no interest in accessing females and do not copulate with them D.) show no interest in accessing females, but will copulate with them

Lesion to hypothalamus: | - A.) gain access and show interest to females, but do not copulate with them

Lesion to the males’ amygdala, males: A.) gain access and show interest to females, but do not copulate with them B.) gain access, show interest and copulate with the females C.) show no interest in accessing females and do not copulate with them D.) show no interest in accessing females, but will copulate with them

Lesion to amygdala: | - D.) show no interest in accessing females, but will copulate with them

What do Hypothalamus and anygdala responsible for in sex?

Hypothalamus: sexual behaviour Amygdala: motivation

What happen to sex when there is a lesion to frontal lobe?

- Loss of inhibition about sexual behaviour, but loss of interest in sexual behaviour - erotomania —> believe another person is in love with them

What happen when there is a lesion to DLPFC?

aggressive sexual behaviour

Which neurotransmitters are released causing a reward of orgasm?

excitatory neurotransmitters Dopamine

Which hormones are released causes a feeling of relaxation after the reward of orgasm?

oxytocin

Which hormone is released during the final stage of childbirth and what does it promote?

Oxytocin | —> promote pair bonding

Who do better in verbal fluency and spatial reasoning? | Males or Females?

Verbal fluency: Females | Spatial reasoning: Males

Which hormone is released during the final stage of childbirth and what does it promote?

Oxytocin | —> promote pair bonding

Who do better in verbal fluency and spatial reasoning? | Males or Females?

Verbal fluency: Females | Spatial reasoning: Males

Why might female do better in verbal fluency?

females were left behind in social groups —> more likely to develop better social communication

Which receptor detect pheromones?

Olfactory receptor cells

How does pheromones affect sex?

directly activate amygdala and hypothalamus

How’s the brain like in gay women and gay men? | In-terms of symmetric & asymmetric

Gay women have asymmetric brains like stright men. | Gay men have symmetric brains like stright women.

What are the similarities between gay men and straight women?

- more symmetric brains | - amygdala connects to area of the brain that manifest mood, fear and anxiety

What are the similarities between gay women and stright men?

- asymmetric brains | - amygdala connects more to sensorimotor system & striatum of the basal ganglia