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Yr1-Psy1-Biopsychology > Biopsy 8 > Flashcards

Biopsy 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Genotype?

A

Full set of genes an organism has.

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2
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a cell?

A

23 pairs

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3
Q

Which pair of chromosome is the sex chromosomes?

A

23rd pair

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4
Q

What are the sex hormones released by both male and female’s reproductive organs?

A

Androgens, Estrogens, Progesterone

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5
Q

Is the ‘action’ of sex hormone pre-natal or post-natal?

A

Pre-natal

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6
Q

Is the ‘proportion’ of sex hormone pre-natal or post-natal?

A

Post-natal

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7
Q

Foetuses will remain __?__ if there are no Müllerian inhibitory hormones.

A

Female

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8
Q

Use of Müllerian inhibitory hormones?

A

Inhibits formation of Müllerian ducts —> Wolffian ducts are retained

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9
Q

Role of Müllerian ducts.

A

Give rise to female reproductive organs

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10
Q

Which duct is responsible to generate male reproductive organ?

A

Wolffian ducts

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11
Q

When are Androgens released and what is its role in males?

A

Pre-natal and 1st week of post-natal

  • leads to the development of testes
  • changes in the brain, e.g. hypothalamus
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12
Q

What‘s the difference in hypothalamus releasing hormones between males and females?

A

Females: cyclically
Males: steadily

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13
Q

Which nucleus of the rat is same size at birth ?

A

Preoptic nucleus

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14
Q

Which hormones in male rats lead to the changes in preoptic nucleus? What is the change?

A

Estradiol.

Leads to preoptic nerve grow several times larger than than the females’.

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15
Q

What is sexual dimorphic?

A

Nucleus and its size is correlated with testosterone level and sexual activity.

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16
Q

Where do estradiol come from?

A

Aramatase converts testosterone into estradiol.

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17
Q

Which region is twice as large in males?

A

INAH3

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18
Q

Which region has twice the no. of neurons in the male brain?

A

SCN - suprachiasmatic region

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19
Q

Which hormone act on the brain all through life?

A

Gonadal hormones

20
Q

What is Turner’s syndrome?

A

XO

- lack of sexual development in women

21
Q

What is CAH (Congenital adrenal hyperplasia) ?

A

XX

- high level of androgens —> masculine phenotype

22
Q

What is AIS (Androgen insensitivity syndrome) ?

A

XY

- not responsive to androgen —> feminisation

23
Q

What is sexually dimorphic behaviour?

A

Behaviours different between sexes.

24
Q

Which region leads to female sexual behaviour in rats?

A

Ventromedial region of the hypothalamus which has many estrogen receptors

25
Q

Proceptive behaviours in female rats prompts male rats to mate with them. This behaviour is mediated by which part of the hypothalamus in male rats?

A

Preoptic area

26
Q

Name the different region of the hypothalamus in males and females that is responsible for mating.

A

Males: preoptic area
Females: Ventromedial region

27
Q

Complex songs produced by songbirds are used to __?__

A

Attract potential mate

28
Q

What characteristics does the complex song in songbirds comprises of?

A

Repeating elements, e.g. introductory notes & multi-note syllables

29
Q

Lesion to the males’ hypothalamus, males:
A.) gain access and show interest to females, but do not copulate with them
B.) gain access, show interest and copulate with the females
C.) show no interest in accessing females and do not copulate with them
D.) show no interest in accessing females, but will copulate with them

A

Lesion to hypothalamus:

- A.) gain access and show interest to females, but do not copulate with them

30
Q

Lesion to the males’ amygdala, males:
A.) gain access and show interest to females, but do not copulate with them
B.) gain access, show interest and copulate with the females
C.) show no interest in accessing females and do not copulate with them
D.) show no interest in accessing females, but will copulate with them

A

Lesion to amygdala:

- D.) show no interest in accessing females, but will copulate with them

31
Q

What do Hypothalamus and anygdala responsible for in sex?

A

Hypothalamus: sexual behaviour
Amygdala: motivation

32
Q

What happen to sex when there is a lesion to frontal lobe?

A
  • Loss of inhibition about sexual behaviour, but loss of interest in sexual behaviour
  • erotomania —> believe another person is in love with them
33
Q

What happen when there is a lesion to DLPFC?

A

aggressive sexual behaviour

34
Q

Which neurotransmitters are released causing a reward of orgasm?

A

excitatory neurotransmitters Dopamine

35
Q

Which hormones are released causes a feeling of relaxation after the reward of orgasm?

A

oxytocin

36
Q

Which hormone is released during the final stage of childbirth and what does it promote?

A

Oxytocin

—> promote pair bonding

37
Q

Who do better in verbal fluency and spatial reasoning?

Males or Females?

A

Verbal fluency: Females

Spatial reasoning: Males

38
Q

Which hormone is released during the final stage of childbirth and what does it promote?

A

Oxytocin

—> promote pair bonding

39
Q

Who do better in verbal fluency and spatial reasoning?

Males or Females?

A

Verbal fluency: Females

Spatial reasoning: Males

40
Q

Why might female do better in verbal fluency?

A

females were left behind in social groups —> more likely to develop better social communication

41
Q

Which receptor detect pheromones?

A

Olfactory receptor cells

42
Q

How does pheromones affect sex?

A

directly activate amygdala and hypothalamus

43
Q

How’s the brain like in gay women and gay men?

In-terms of symmetric & asymmetric

A

Gay women have asymmetric brains like stright men.

Gay men have symmetric brains like stright women.

44
Q

What are the similarities between gay men and straight women?

A
  • more symmetric brains

- amygdala connects to area of the brain that manifest mood, fear and anxiety

45
Q

What are the similarities between gay women and stright men?

A
  • asymmetric brains

- amygdala connects more to sensorimotor system & striatum of the basal ganglia

Yr1-Psy1-Biopsychology (9 decks)

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