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Yr1-Psy1-Biopsychology > Biopsy 7 > Flashcards

Biopsy 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Are hibernation and migration a slow cirannual rhythms or fast rhythms?

A

Slow circannual rhythms

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2
Q

What result to slow circannual rhythm?

A

movement of the earth around the sun

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3
Q

Are heart rate and Temp. fast(ultradian) rhythm?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What rhythm is the sleep-wake cycle?

A

Daily (circadian) rhythm

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5
Q

What does the bunker experiment show?

A

Even there are no cues about light and dark, subject inside the bunker wake up about the same time as outside the bunker.
—> We have a Biological clock that governs sleep-waking cycle

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6
Q

In the absence of external cues, how long does the sleep-wake cycle last for?

A

26 hours

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7
Q

Sleep-wake cycle matches Day-night cycle (24hrs). What does this suggest?

A

Endogenous rhythmicity is not the only factor for circadian periods.

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8
Q

What is Zeitgebers (time-giver) ?

A

Environmental events/ natural cues that regulate biological circadian rhythms
e.g. light

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9
Q

What is jet lag & when is more pronounced?

A
  • disruption to the biological clock

- from west to east is more pronounced

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10
Q

Why is jet lag less pronounced when travelled from east to west?

A

Because the biological clock has a natural period of longer than 24 hrs

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11
Q

Explanation for SAD.

A

Lack of light signals hibernation —> disruption to circadian rhythm

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12
Q

How to prevent SAD?

A

Sit in front of a bank of bright light for 20 mins a day

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13
Q

Possible location of endogenous circadian rhythm?

A

SCN - suprachiasmatic nucleus

of the hypothalamus

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14
Q

Why SCN is suggested to be the location of endogenous circadian rhythm?

A

When it is disconnected from the brain, its neurons continue to show fluctuations in neuronal activity

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15
Q

How does light direct the rhythmic activity of SCN?

A

SCN receives direct input of light from the retina

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16
Q

SCN is not the only biological clock, but a ___?___ for other rhythms.

A

pacemaker

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17
Q

Can animals get a normal circadian rhythm again if they got a transplanted SCN?

A

Yes

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18
Q

What is secreted during the dark phase of sleep-wake cycle and by which gland?

A

Pineal gland secretes melatonin

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19
Q

Is it a direct or indirect action of SCN for pineal gland to secrete melatonin?

A

Indirect action

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20
Q

Which hormone can be used to treat jet lag/ reset body clock artificially?

A

Melatonin

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21
Q

State another action of SCN on other glands.

A

adrenal glands —> to release ‘mood & alertness altering hormones’, e.g. cortisol

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22
Q

Circadian rhythm changes according to __?__ and reason why?

A
  • age

- Adolescence causes melatonin to be delayed

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23
Q

How to solve the changes in circadian rhythm?

A
  • changes the schedule

- change via light and SCN

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24
Q

State the primary measure of sleep stages and describe the activity patter.

A
  • EEG
  • Awake: Low amplitude, high frequency
  • Deep sleep: High amplitude, low frequency
  • REM: low amplitude, high frequency
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25
Describe the body changes in Non-REM sleep.
- body Temp. declines - heart rate decreases - rowth hormones increase
26
State the disorders and behaviours occurred in NREM sleep.
- Sleep walking | - Insomnia, sleep opnea
27
How does sleep walking occurs and what does EEG shows?
- When a person is roused incompletely at a wrong point in delta-wave stages - EEG: combination of delta waves & high frequency
28
Do sleepwalker remember what they have done?
No. They have no onscious awareness and won‘t remember anything.
29
Describe cerebellum, frontal and parietal lobes during sleep walking.
Cerebellum is active —> controls automatic movement & coordination Frontal & Parietal lobes are dormant —> reasoning, conscious control of movement
30
Do we become paralysed during REM sleep or NERM sleep? | Also describe the Temp changes in that stage.
REM sleep | - Body Temp. increases
31
Do we more likely to report we are dreaming during REM sleep or NERM sleep?
REM sleep
32
What is REM instrusion?
partly awakend but paralysis during REM sleep
33
Give an example of REM instrusion.
Narcolepsy (falling asleep at inappropriate moment)
34
Describe Cataplexy (an episode of narcolepsy) in narcolepsy sufferers.
An awake person loses all muscle tone in response to specific emotion. - fully conscious - REM sleep —> paralysis
35
When dreaming, which area of the brain has the highest and lowest activity ? & Possible rasons why?
- Highest in occipital areas - lower in inferior frontal areas —> dreaming —> to experience high visual imagery
36
Nightmares occur during NERM sleep. | So what does recent explanation suggest how dream occur?
Cerebral cortex is bombarded by signals from the brainstem which generate a collection of random images from the memory stores —> dreams
37
What do the earliest theories suggest about sleep?
Sleep is a passive process, result of a decrease in sensory stimulation Lack of sensory stimulation —> subject will go to sleep
38
What does experiment show the biological functions of sleep?
1. Biological adaptation 2. Body restoration 3. Memory consolidation
39
Explain the use of sleep in-terms of Biological adaptation.
- energy conservation: awake to gather food e. g. human vision is poor at night —> sleep at night - Predator avoidance e. g. sleep of prey is reduced to remain alert
40
Why sleep may be a restorative process?
Allow us to rejuvenate since we feel tired at the end of the day.
41
Is there any research support for the restorative perspective of sleep?
Weakly. | Energetic activity make people to go to sleep earlier, but not sleep longer.
42
What effects are there when sleeping with a partner?
Detrimental effect, especially men‘s sleep are much more deprived.
43
Role of Nitric Oxide.
Prompting recovery sleep, make you more sleepy
44
What happen in sleep deprivation/ lack of sleep?
Increased enzyme Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) that is a predictor of heart disease and stress-related disease
45
How might sleep relate to memory?
- Areas of the brain that are active prior to sleep are also active during REM sleep/ dreaming. - sleep also increases after session of learning - sleep deprivation may impair memory formation
46
What research have been shown to against the idea that sleep is related to memory?
Documentary shows that some people can still live healthy and active despite only sleeping for a couple of hours a day
47
Which part of the brain promotes sleep?
anterior hypothalamus
48
Which part of the brain promotes wakefulness and through which system?
- Posterior hypothalamus | - through Reticular Activating system of the brainstem
49
Why can sensory info can wake us up from our sleep?
- RAS (reticular activating system) is a network of neurons in the brainstem where sensory information pass through. - Posterior hypothalamus promotes wakefulness via RAS
50
What is the consequence when damage to RAS?
Coma
51
Neurons that control sleeping are part of which system?
Regulatory neurotransmitter system
52
Which neurotransmitters enhance awake state?
NE, serotonin, ACh neurons fire during waking
53
Which stage of sleep does ACh also responsible for?
REM | - ACh enhances critical REM events
54
Which part of the brain is a brain’s pacemaker and what does that mean?
Thalamus —> control how fast the activity of neuron
55
What do regulatory neurotransmitters systems control in sleep?
- rhythmic behaviour of the thalamus | - EEG rhythms of the cortex
56
Slow rhythms block the __?__ to the thalamus.
flow of sensory information
57
What’s the use of descending activity during dreaming?
To inhibit motor neurons
58
Use of regulatory hormones.
To initiate sleep by decreasing firing rate of brain stem neurons, NE, serotonin, ACh
59
Where do NE, serotonin and ACh produce / release from?
NE
60
Which part of the brain control REM sleep?
Pons in brain stem
61
What happen to ACh during REM sleep?
ACh in pons increase firing
62
What happen to locus corerulus and Raphae nuclei during REM sleep?
Firing rate decreases to nothing
63
State and explain a direct link that may affect the regulation of sleep.
Immune response to infection: | —> Adenosine —> inhibitory effects on NE, serotonin, ACh —> promote wakefulness

Yr1-Psy1-Biopsychology (9 decks)

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