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Yr1-Psy1-Biopsychology > Biopsy 7 > Flashcards

Biopsy 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Are hibernation and migration a slow cirannual rhythms or fast rhythms?

A

Slow circannual rhythms

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2
Q

What result to slow circannual rhythm?

A

movement of the earth around the sun

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3
Q

Are heart rate and Temp. fast(ultradian) rhythm?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What rhythm is the sleep-wake cycle?

A

Daily (circadian) rhythm

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5
Q

What does the bunker experiment show?

A

Even there are no cues about light and dark, subject inside the bunker wake up about the same time as outside the bunker.
—> We have a Biological clock that governs sleep-waking cycle

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6
Q

In the absence of external cues, how long does the sleep-wake cycle last for?

A

26 hours

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7
Q

Sleep-wake cycle matches Day-night cycle (24hrs). What does this suggest?

A

Endogenous rhythmicity is not the only factor for circadian periods.

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8
Q

What is Zeitgebers (time-giver) ?

A

Environmental events/ natural cues that regulate biological circadian rhythms
e.g. light

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9
Q

What is jet lag & when is more pronounced?

A
  • disruption to the biological clock

- from west to east is more pronounced

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10
Q

Why is jet lag less pronounced when travelled from east to west?

A

Because the biological clock has a natural period of longer than 24 hrs

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11
Q

Explanation for SAD.

A

Lack of light signals hibernation —> disruption to circadian rhythm

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12
Q

How to prevent SAD?

A

Sit in front of a bank of bright light for 20 mins a day

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13
Q

Possible location of endogenous circadian rhythm?

A

SCN - suprachiasmatic nucleus

of the hypothalamus

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14
Q

Why SCN is suggested to be the location of endogenous circadian rhythm?

A

When it is disconnected from the brain, its neurons continue to show fluctuations in neuronal activity

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15
Q

How does light direct the rhythmic activity of SCN?

A

SCN receives direct input of light from the retina

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16
Q

SCN is not the only biological clock, but a ___?___ for other rhythms.

A

pacemaker

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17
Q

Can animals get a normal circadian rhythm again if they got a transplanted SCN?

A

Yes

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18
Q

What is secreted during the dark phase of sleep-wake cycle and by which gland?

A

Pineal gland secretes melatonin

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19
Q

Is it a direct or indirect action of SCN for pineal gland to secrete melatonin?

A

Indirect action

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20
Q

Which hormone can be used to treat jet lag/ reset body clock artificially?

A

Melatonin

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21
Q

State another action of SCN on other glands.

A

adrenal glands —> to release ‘mood & alertness altering hormones’, e.g. cortisol

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22
Q

Circadian rhythm changes according to __?__ and reason why?

A
  • age

- Adolescence causes melatonin to be delayed

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23
Q

How to solve the changes in circadian rhythm?

A
  • changes the schedule

- change via light and SCN

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24
Q

State the primary measure of sleep stages and describe the activity patter.

A
  • EEG
  • Awake: Low amplitude, high frequency
  • Deep sleep: High amplitude, low frequency
  • REM: low amplitude, high frequency
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25
Q

Describe the body changes in Non-REM sleep.

A
  • body Temp. declines
  • heart rate decreases
  • rowth hormones increase
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26
Q

State the disorders and behaviours occurred in NREM sleep.

A
  • Sleep walking

- Insomnia, sleep opnea

27
Q

How does sleep walking occurs and what does EEG shows?

A
  • When a person is roused incompletely at a wrong point in delta-wave stages
  • EEG: combination of delta waves & high frequency
28
Q

Do sleepwalker remember what they have done?

A

No. They have no onscious awareness and won‘t remember anything.

29
Q

Describe cerebellum, frontal and parietal lobes during sleep walking.

A

Cerebellum is active —> controls automatic movement & coordination

Frontal & Parietal lobes are dormant —> reasoning, conscious control of movement

30
Q

Do we become paralysed during REM sleep or NERM sleep?

Also describe the Temp changes in that stage.

A

REM sleep

- Body Temp. increases

31
Q

Do we more likely to report we are dreaming during REM sleep or NERM sleep?

A

REM sleep

32
Q

What is REM instrusion?

A

partly awakend but paralysis during REM sleep

33
Q

Give an example of REM instrusion.

A

Narcolepsy (falling asleep at inappropriate moment)

34
Q

Describe Cataplexy (an episode of narcolepsy) in narcolepsy sufferers.

A

An awake person loses all muscle tone in response to specific emotion.

  • fully conscious
  • REM sleep —> paralysis
35
Q

When dreaming, which area of the brain has the highest and lowest activity ? & Possible rasons why?

A
  • Highest in occipital areas
  • lower in inferior frontal areas
    —> dreaming —> to experience high visual imagery
36
Q

Nightmares occur during NERM sleep.

So what does recent explanation suggest how dream occur?

A

Cerebral cortex is bombarded by signals from the brainstem which generate a collection of random images from the memory stores —> dreams

37
Q

What do the earliest theories suggest about sleep?

A

Sleep is a passive process, result of a decrease in sensory stimulation

Lack of sensory stimulation —> subject will go to sleep

38
Q

What does experiment show the biological functions of sleep?

A
  1. Biological adaptation
  2. Body restoration
  3. Memory consolidation
39
Q

Explain the use of sleep in-terms of Biological adaptation.

A
  • energy conservation: awake to gather food
    e. g. human vision is poor at night —> sleep at night
  • Predator avoidance
    e. g. sleep of prey is reduced to remain alert
40
Q

Why sleep may be a restorative process?

A

Allow us to rejuvenate since we feel tired at the end of the day.

41
Q

Is there any research support for the restorative perspective of sleep?

A

Weakly.

Energetic activity make people to go to sleep earlier, but not sleep longer.

42
Q

What effects are there when sleeping with a partner?

A

Detrimental effect, especially men‘s sleep are much more deprived.

43
Q

Role of Nitric Oxide.

A

Prompting recovery sleep, make you more sleepy

44
Q

What happen in sleep deprivation/ lack of sleep?

A

Increased enzyme Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) that is a predictor of heart disease and stress-related disease

45
Q

How might sleep relate to memory?

A
  • Areas of the brain that are active prior to sleep are also active during REM sleep/ dreaming.
  • sleep also increases after session of learning
  • sleep deprivation may impair memory formation
46
Q

What research have been shown to against the idea that sleep is related to memory?

A

Documentary shows that some people can still live healthy and active despite only sleeping for a couple of hours a day

47
Q

Which part of the brain promotes sleep?

A

anterior hypothalamus

48
Q

Which part of the brain promotes wakefulness and through which system?

A
  • Posterior hypothalamus

- through Reticular Activating system of the brainstem

49
Q

Why can sensory info can wake us up from our sleep?

A
  • RAS (reticular activating system) is a network of neurons in the brainstem where sensory information pass through.
  • Posterior hypothalamus promotes wakefulness via RAS
50
Q

What is the consequence when damage to RAS?

A

Coma

51
Q

Neurons that control sleeping are part of which system?

A

Regulatory neurotransmitter system

52
Q

Which neurotransmitters enhance awake state?

A

NE, serotonin, ACh neurons fire during waking

53
Q

Which stage of sleep does ACh also responsible for?

A

REM

- ACh enhances critical REM events

54
Q

Which part of the brain is a brain’s pacemaker and what does that mean?

A

Thalamus —> control how fast the activity of neuron

55
Q

What do regulatory neurotransmitters systems control in sleep?

A
  • rhythmic behaviour of the thalamus

- EEG rhythms of the cortex

56
Q

Slow rhythms block the __?__ to the thalamus.

A

flow of sensory information

57
Q

What’s the use of descending activity during dreaming?

A

To inhibit motor neurons

58
Q

Use of regulatory hormones.

A

To initiate sleep by decreasing firing rate of brain stem neurons, NE, serotonin, ACh

59
Q

Where do NE, serotonin and ACh produce / release from?

A

NE

60
Q

Which part of the brain control REM sleep?

A

Pons in brain stem

61
Q

What happen to ACh during REM sleep?

A

ACh in pons increase firing

62
Q

What happen to locus corerulus and Raphae nuclei during REM sleep?

A

Firing rate decreases to nothing

63
Q

State and explain a direct link that may affect the regulation of sleep.

A

Immune response to infection:

—> Adenosine —> inhibitory effects on NE, serotonin, ACh —> promote wakefulness

Yr1-Psy1-Biopsychology (9 decks)

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