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Yr1-Psy1-Biopsychology > Biopsy 3 > Flashcards

Biopsy 3 Flashcards

1
Q

3 factors determine cell‘s electrical activity

A
  • permeability to the ions
  • ions‘ conc. gradient & electrical gradient
  • when the ions move (ie. resting/depolarisation/repolarisation)
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2
Q

Can action potential be summed up?

A

No

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3
Q

What can be summed up?

A

EPSP, IPSP

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4
Q

What is synapse?

A

Gap between presynaptic & postsynaptic neurons

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5
Q

What instrument can we use to see the junction(synapse) between neurons?

A

Electron microscope

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6
Q

What form a synpase?

A

termination of one neuron to the dendrites of another

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7
Q

What can a specialised synapse that form between neurons and muscles do?

A

Causes muscles to contract and move

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8
Q

Location of the axon that activate muscle?

A

Spinal cord

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9
Q

How does ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) affects neuron?

A

Myelin sheath degrade —> cannot transmit electrical signal —> restricts movement —> can cause death

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10
Q

Neurotransmitters are packaged into _____ and transported along axon of the presynaptic terminal

A

vesicles

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11
Q

What channel is opened due to the arrival of action potential to the synapse?

A

(Ca++) Calcium ion channel

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12
Q

How are the neurotransmitters released into the synapse?

A

Ca++ enter the presynaptic neuron through the Ca++ channels and bind to the synaptic vesicles which cause neurotransmitters to be released into the synapse

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13
Q

Describe the possible process that leads to mechanism changes (e.g. habitation/adaptation) in sea slugs‘ defensive manner.

A

Reduction of Ca++ influx at presynaptic terminal, so less neurotransmitters are released

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14
Q

Where can you find a neurotransmitter receptor in a neuron?

A

dendrites

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15
Q

How does ionotropic neurotransmitter receptor work?

A

a neurotransmitter binds to the receptor which opens the ion channel

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16
Q

Name the 2 parts in ionotropic neurotransmitter.

A
  • receptor

- ion channel

17
Q

How does metabotropic neurotransmitter receptor work?

A

neurotransmitter binds to a binding site —> subunit detaches and causes an ion channel to open

18
Q

How is metabotropic neurotransmitter receptor different from ionotropic neurotransmitter receptor?

A

Metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors influence ion channels indirectly and slowly.

19
Q

Differences between excitatory & inhibitory neurotransmitters.

  • released at?
  • causes?
A

E:

  • Type 1 synapse
  • influx of positive ions (Na+)

I:

  • Type 2 synapse
  • influx of negative ions (Cl-)
20
Q

Neurotransmitters must be removed & inactivated or there will be ____

A

prolonged activation

21
Q

Spatial integration?

A

Many pre-synaptic neurons together release enough neurotransmitters to exceed the threshold

22
Q

Temporal integration?

A

One presynaptic neurone releases many neurotransmitters many times over a period of time to exceed the threshold

23
Q

Use of Glutamate neurotransmitters

A
  • excitatory

- for learning abd memory

24
Q

Use of GABA

A

brain‘s main inhibitory neurotransmitter

25
Q

Use of Dopamine

A
  • both excitatory & inhibitory
  • movement control
  • reward circuit
26
Q

Use of Serotonin

A
  • inhibitory

- mood & anxiety

27
Q

Use of Acetylcholine

A
  • both inhibitory & excitatory

- neuro-muscular junction

28
Q

What cause Parkinson‘s disease.

A
  • loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain stem —> rigidity & trembling movements
29
Q

How do toxins poison ion channels?

A
  • deactivate/inactivate ion channels —> might paralyse

- activate ion channels by lowering the threshold at which open

30
Q

How do toxins affect transmitters released?

A
  • causes massive release of neurotransmitters at nerve-uscular junction —> paralysis
  • binds to the receptor & stop the release of excitatory neurotransmitters at neuro-muscular junction —> prevents contraction
  • prevents the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters in spinal cord —> hyperactivity of the muscles
31
Q

Agonist vs Antagonist

A

Agonist:

  • bind to the receptors
  • mimic the effect of neurotransmitters

Antagonist:

  • bind to the receptors
  • blocks other neurotransmitters from binding
32
Q

How does drug affect uptake of neurotransmitters?

A

Bind to the receptor —> blocking and prevents the reuptake of neurotransmitters —> prolonged effects of that neurotransmitters

33
Q

Why people become addicted to drugs?

A

Many addictice drugs lead to the release of / prolonged activity of Dopamine —> pleasurable feeling from reward system

Yr1-Psy1-Biopsychology (9 decks)

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