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Cellular Basis of Life > Biomolecules 2 > Flashcards

Biomolecules 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Monosaccharide Def.

A

A single carbohydrate (saccharide) molecule consisting of O, H, C. Building blocks of carbohydrates

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2
Q

Monosaccharide Structure

A

Ketones/ poly-hydroxy aldehydes. Emperical Formula = (CH2O)n ( where n = 3 - 7). Form ring structures (cyclisation)

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3
Q

Aldehyde group

A

-O (double bonded to carbon) H (single bonded to C)

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4
Q

Ketone Group

A

O (double bonded to middle carbon)

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5
Q

2 Examples of Triose

A

Glyceraldehyde (aldose) and Dihydroxyacetone (ketose)

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6
Q

5 Pentoses Examples

A

Ribose, Deoxyribose, Ribulose, Xylulose, Xylose (glycoprotein)

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7
Q

Hexoses Examples

A

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose and Mannose

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8
Q

How rings are formed in aldehydes

A

in

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9
Q

Glycosidic Bond def.

A

Bond between 2 sugars (glyco = carbohydrate)

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10
Q

Oligosaccharide

A

12/13 combined monosaccharides. Associated with proteins + lipids (eg cell membrane)

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11
Q

Hydroxy

A

-OH group

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12
Q

Isomer (def.)

A

Substances that have the same chemical formulas but different structures (gives different tastes)

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13
Q

What carbon is included in cycle in ketose

A

2nd carbon (carbon beside carbon bonded to O)

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14
Q

Anomeric Carbon

A

Carbon 1 (defining group attached, OH ) in cyclised aldose

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15
Q

2 Types of Anomeric Carbons

A

Alpha and Beta

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16
Q

Alpha Anomeric Carbon Classification

A

OH (hydroxyl) group close to ground

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17
Q

Beta Anomeric Carbon Classification

A

OH (hydroxyl) group close to sky

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18
Q

Factors Effecting Type of Glycosidic Bond

A

No. of carbons in chain + position of anomeric hydroxyl group (up/ down)

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19
Q

Structures carbohydrates can bind to

A

Carbohydrates, nitrogen bases, aromatic rings, proteins, lipids

20
Q

Notation of Glycosidic Bonds

A

(alpha/beta) no. of carbon attached on left molecule (to) no. of carbon attached on right molecule

21
Q

Ketose Def.

A

Sugar with ketone group (O double bond)

22
Q

Aldose Def.

A

Sugar with aldehyde group (OH)

23
Q

Polyscaccaride

A

Carbon chain where n >12

24
Q

Polysaccharide Variations

A

Monosaccharides, Glycosidic Bonds, Branch Points (glycosisdic bonds attach to adifferent no. carbon), Structure

25
Q

Functional Polysccharides

A

Glycogen (sugar store - animals, glucose homo-polymer), Starch (sugar store -plants), Cellulose (plant structure, homo-polymer glucose)

26
Q

Glycogen Bond + Branched Structure

A

Bond: alpha 1-4. Branches every 12-14 residues (alpha 1-6)

27
Q

Starch Composition

A

80-85% Amylopectin, 15-20% Amylose

28
Q

Amylopectin Structure

A

Bond: Alpha 1-4. Branched every 24-30 residues Alpha 1-6

29
Q

Amylose Structure

A

Bond: Alpha 1-4. Non-branched, helical structure

30
Q

Celulose structure

A

Bond: Beta 1-4. Long straight chains

31
Q

Lipid Functions in Body

A

Energy source (beta oxidation/ Ketogenesis in liver), cells + organelles structural component, cellular signaling eg Steroids

32
Q

Lipid Building Block

A

Fatty Acids - hydrophobic carbon chain with Carboxyl (double bond O and single bond OH terminal). 2 Types

33
Q

Differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

A

Saturated single bonds, unsaturated 1+ double bond(s), Saturated is flexible, Unsaturated carbon position defined by distance from carboxyl end

34
Q

Omega End Def.

A

The opposite end of the chain from the carboxyl group. Eg omega 3 is 3 carbons away from opposite chain end to carboxyl group

35
Q

Lipid Classifiers

A

Fatty Acids (saturated/unsaturated/omega), Presence of glycerol (neutral charge mono to tri-acylglycerol or charged phospholipids)/ Absence of glycerol (eg steroids, sphingolipids), lipoproteins/lipopolysaccharides

36
Q

Fatty Acid Cahin length Notation

A

No. carbons in chain : no. of double bonds (positions of double bond relative to carboxyl)

37
Q

TRiglycerides Structure and Function

A

3 Fatty acids + glycerol. Principal storage form of energy. Stored in adipose

38
Q

Diaccylglycerol Structure + Functions

A

gycerol + 2 fatty acids. Intracellular signaler, calcium mobilisation

39
Q

Monoacylglycerol Structure + Formation

A

glycerol + 1 fatty acid. Product of triglyceride breakdown in fat digestion

40
Q

Phospholipid Structure + Function

A

Hydrophillic, negative cahrgephosphate head. Hydrophobic fatty acid tails. Component of cell membrane

41
Q

Sphingolipid Structure

A

sphingosine (sugar) + fatty acid + substituent (eg H)

42
Q

Steroid Structure

A

Fused ring with hydroxyl/keto group on C 3

43
Q

Steroid Functions

A

Metabolic precursor: vitamin D, bile-acid, hormones. Key role in membrane structure

44
Q

Lipoprotein Structure

A

Phospholipid layer with cholesterol + protein. Hydrophobic core of triglycerols and cholesteryl esters

45
Q

Essential Fatty Acid

A

Linoleic Acid (omega 6 FA) + Alpha linoleic fatty acids (omega 3)

Cellular Basis of Life (20 decks)

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