Biomolecules 2

Question 1

Monosaccharide Def.

Answer 1

A single carbohydrate (saccharide) molecule consisting of O, H, C. Building blocks of carbohydrates

Question 2

Monosaccharide Structure

Answer 2

Ketones/ poly-hydroxy aldehydes. Emperical Formula = (CH2O)n ( where n = 3 - 7). Form ring structures (cyclisation)

Question 3

Aldehyde group

Answer 3

-O (double bonded to carbon) H (single bonded to C)

Question 4

Ketone Group

Answer 4

O (double bonded to middle carbon)

Question 5

2 Examples of Triose

Answer 5

Glyceraldehyde (aldose) and Dihydroxyacetone (ketose)

Question 6

5 Pentoses Examples

Answer 6

Ribose, Deoxyribose, Ribulose, Xylulose, Xylose (glycoprotein)

Question 7

Hexoses Examples

Answer 7

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose and Mannose

Question 8

How rings are formed in aldehydes

Answer 8

in

Question 9

Glycosidic Bond def.

Answer 9

Bond between 2 sugars (glyco = carbohydrate)

Question 10

Oligosaccharide

Answer 10

12/13 combined monosaccharides. Associated with proteins + lipids (eg cell membrane)

Question 11

Hydroxy

Answer 11

-OH group

Question 12

Isomer (def.)

Answer 12

Substances that have the same chemical formulas but different structures (gives different tastes)

Question 13

What carbon is included in cycle in ketose

Answer 13

2nd carbon (carbon beside carbon bonded to O)

Question 14

Anomeric Carbon

Answer 14

Carbon 1 (defining group attached, OH ) in cyclised aldose

Question 15

2 Types of Anomeric Carbons

Answer 15

Alpha and Beta

Question 16

Alpha Anomeric Carbon Classification

Answer 16

OH (hydroxyl) group close to ground

Question 17

Beta Anomeric Carbon Classification

Answer 17

OH (hydroxyl) group close to sky

Question 18

Factors Effecting Type of Glycosidic Bond

Answer 18

No. of carbons in chain + position of anomeric hydroxyl group (up/ down)

Question 19

Structures carbohydrates can bind to

Answer 19

Carbohydrates, nitrogen bases, aromatic rings, proteins, lipids

Question 20

Notation of Glycosidic Bonds

Answer 20

(alpha/beta) no. of carbon attached on left molecule (to) no. of carbon attached on right molecule

Question 21

Ketose Def.

Answer 21

Sugar with ketone group (O double bond)

Question 22

Aldose Def.

Answer 22

Sugar with aldehyde group (OH)

Question 23

Polyscaccaride

Answer 23

Carbon chain where n >12

Question 24

Polysaccharide Variations

Answer 24

Monosaccharides, Glycosidic Bonds, Branch Points (glycosisdic bonds attach to adifferent no. carbon), Structure

Question 25

Functional Polysccharides

Answer 25

Glycogen (sugar store - animals, glucose homo-polymer), Starch (sugar store -plants), Cellulose (plant structure, homo-polymer glucose)

Question 26

Glycogen Bond + Branched Structure

Answer 26

Bond: alpha 1-4. Branches every 12-14 residues (alpha 1-6)

Question 27

Starch Composition

Answer 27

80-85% Amylopectin, 15-20% Amylose

Question 28

Amylopectin Structure

Answer 28

Bond: Alpha 1-4. Branched every 24-30 residues Alpha 1-6

Question 29

Amylose Structure

Answer 29

Bond: Alpha 1-4. Non-branched, helical structure

Question 30

Celulose structure

Answer 30

Bond: Beta 1-4. Long straight chains

Question 31

Lipid Functions in Body

Answer 31

Energy source (beta oxidation/ Ketogenesis in liver), cells + organelles structural component, cellular signaling eg Steroids

Question 32

Lipid Building Block

Answer 32

Fatty Acids - hydrophobic carbon chain with Carboxyl (double bond O and single bond OH terminal). 2 Types

Question 33

Differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 33

Saturated single bonds, unsaturated 1+ double bond(s), Saturated is flexible, Unsaturated carbon position defined by distance from carboxyl end

Question 34

Omega End Def.

Answer 34

The opposite end of the chain from the carboxyl group. Eg omega 3 is 3 carbons away from opposite chain end to carboxyl group

Question 35

Lipid Classifiers

Answer 35

Fatty Acids (saturated/unsaturated/omega), Presence of glycerol (neutral charge mono to tri-acylglycerol or charged phospholipids)/ Absence of glycerol (eg steroids, sphingolipids), lipoproteins/lipopolysaccharides

Question 36

Fatty Acid Cahin length Notation

Answer 36

No. carbons in chain : no. of double bonds (positions of double bond relative to carboxyl)

Question 37

TRiglycerides Structure and Function

Answer 37

3 Fatty acids + glycerol. Principal storage form of energy. Stored in adipose

Question 38

Diaccylglycerol Structure + Functions

Answer 38

gycerol + 2 fatty acids. Intracellular signaler, calcium mobilisation

Question 39

Monoacylglycerol Structure + Formation

Answer 39

glycerol + 1 fatty acid. Product of triglyceride breakdown in fat digestion

Question 40

Phospholipid Structure + Function

Answer 40

Hydrophillic, negative cahrgephosphate head. Hydrophobic fatty acid tails. Component of cell membrane

Question 41

Sphingolipid Structure

Answer 41

sphingosine (sugar) + fatty acid + substituent (eg H)

Question 42

Steroid Structure

Answer 42

Fused ring with hydroxyl/keto group on C 3

Question 43

Steroid Functions

Answer 43

Metabolic precursor: vitamin D, bile-acid, hormones. Key role in membrane structure

Question 44

Lipoprotein Structure

Answer 44

Phospholipid layer with cholesterol + protein. Hydrophobic core of triglycerols and cholesteryl esters

Question 45

Essential Fatty Acid

Answer 45

Linoleic Acid (omega 6 FA) + Alpha linoleic fatty acids (omega 3)