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Biology 51 > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Define macromolecule, list the types

A

Large molecule; carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

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2
Q

Define monomer

A

Simple molecule serving as a base unit

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3
Q

Define polymer

A

Several monomers put together

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4
Q

In what way is a macromolecule similar to a polymer

A

They are the same thing

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5
Q

What is the name of putting monomers together to make a polymer

A

Polymerization

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6
Q

Define carbohydrates, list types

A

Saccharides (sugars) used as body’s primary source of energy: mono-, di-,. poly-

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7
Q

Example of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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8
Q

Example of disaccharides

A

Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Lactose (glucose + galactose)

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9
Q

What does -ose signify

A

Simple sugars

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10
Q

What is lactose intolerance

A

Body’s inability to digest lactose sugars in dairy due to lack of lactase enzymes that would usually break it down

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11
Q

List uses for carbohydrates

A
  • Cellular respiration
  • Direct source of energy (mono-, di-)
  • Energy storage (glycogen, starch)
  • Cell wall structure (chitin and cellulose)
  • Cell to cell recognition (cells displaying certain carbs on membranes to signal themselves, similar to antigens)
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12
Q

What is glycogen

A

Triple glucose stored in liver

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13
Q

What is produced in photosynthesis

A

Sugars, releasing chemical energy for use (protein activation, movement, etc)

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14
Q

What is starch

A

Energy storage in plants

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15
Q

What is cellulose

A

Indigestible carb, important source of dietary fibre

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16
Q

Define lipids

A

2nd source of chemical energy in the body

17
Q

What do lipids make up in cells

A

Cell membranes and organelles

18
Q

What are fatty acids, how do they differ

A

Chains of C-H connected to each other through a “backbone” molecule, structure between C-H makes them either saturated or unsaturated

19
Q

Define triglycerides

A

Lipids: Important source of dietary fats, form of energy storage

20
Q

Define phospholipids

A

Lipids: Make up cell membranes, non-polarized inside preventing molecules from easily passing through

21
Q

How are triglycerides structured

A

Made of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone

22
Q

How are phospholipids structured

A

Two layers: non-polar F.A. between layers (repelled against h2o) and polar phosphate end facing inside/outside of cell (attracted to h2o)

23
Q

Define steroids, list examples

A

Lipids that act in body; sex hormones (E, P, T), cortisol (regulates stress), cholesterol (makes cell membranes and more hormones)

24
Q

How are steroids structured

A

4 rings attached together

25
Q

Define proteins and how they are formed

A

Highly complex, active molecules; made up of amino acids (base units) forming polypeptide chains (connected by peptide bonds) folding into 3D shapes

26
Q

How do amino acids vary

A

R group, giving each an individual property

27
Q

List things proteins can be/do with examples

A
  • Enzymes (digestion)
  • Signals (specific “lock and key”; hormones)
  • Building blocks (muscles, keratin)
  • Repair and maintain tissues
  • Movement (muscle proteins)
  • Transport materials in/out of cell (hemoglobin, kinesin)
28
Q

How is a protein’s function determined

A

By shape, which has complex levels of organization, determined by amino acid sequence

29
Q

1st protein structure

A

Amino acid sequence forming polypeptide chain, instructed/encoded in genes

30
Q

2nd protein structure

A

Small areas fold up into alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheet

31
Q

3rd protein structure

A

3D shape of one polypeptide chain

32
Q

4th protein structure

A

Several polypeptides together creating large, functional structure

33
Q

Define nucleic acids

A

Made up of nucleotides (base units): Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine, Uracil, Adenine

34
Q

How are nucleic acids structured

A

Ribose sugar, phosphate group, base

35
Q

List functions of nucleic acids

A

Provide 2 types of genetic materials
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): used only as genetic material, double-stranded helix
RNA (ribonucleic acid): single- or double-stranded, used in making proteins (mRNA, tRNA), viruses use as genetic mat

36
Q

Why does DNA have a double strand

A

Hydrogen bonds between bases
C-G has 3 bonds, A-T has 2

37
Q

How do genes help code amino acid chains

A

Genetic base sequences describe order amino acids should be in to make protein

Biology 51 (13 decks)

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