Biomolecules

Question 1

Define macromolecule, list the types

Answer 1

Large molecule; carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Question 2

Define monomer

Answer 2

Simple molecule serving as a base unit

Question 3

Define polymer

Answer 3

Several monomers put together

Question 4

In what way is a macromolecule similar to a polymer

Answer 4

They are the same thing

Question 5

What is the name of putting monomers together to make a polymer

Answer 5

Polymerization

Question 6

Define carbohydrates, list types

Answer 6

Saccharides (sugars) used as body’s primary source of energy: mono-, di-,. poly-

Question 7

Example of monosaccharides

Answer 7

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 8

Example of disaccharides

Answer 8

Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Lactose (glucose + galactose)

Question 9

What does -ose signify

Answer 9

Simple sugars

Question 10

What is lactose intolerance

Answer 10

Body’s inability to digest lactose sugars in dairy due to lack of lactase enzymes that would usually break it down

Question 11

List uses for carbohydrates

Answer 11

• Cellular respiration
• Direct source of energy (mono-, di-)
• Energy storage (glycogen, starch)
• Cell wall structure (chitin and cellulose)
• Cell to cell recognition (cells displaying certain carbs on membranes to signal themselves, similar to antigens)

Question 12

What is glycogen

Answer 12

Triple glucose stored in liver

Question 13

What is produced in photosynthesis

Answer 13

Sugars, releasing chemical energy for use (protein activation, movement, etc)

Question 14

What is starch

Answer 14

Energy storage in plants

Question 15

What is cellulose

Answer 15

Indigestible carb, important source of dietary fibre

Question 16

Define lipids

Answer 16

2nd source of chemical energy in the body

Question 17

What do lipids make up in cells

Answer 17

Cell membranes and organelles

Question 18

What are fatty acids, how do they differ

Answer 18

Chains of C-H connected to each other through a “backbone” molecule, structure between C-H makes them either saturated or unsaturated

Question 19

Define triglycerides

Answer 19

Lipids: Important source of dietary fats, form of energy storage

Question 20

Define phospholipids

Answer 20

Lipids: Make up cell membranes, non-polarized inside preventing molecules from easily passing through

Question 21

How are triglycerides structured

Answer 21

Made of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone

Question 22

How are phospholipids structured

Answer 22

Two layers: non-polar F.A. between layers (repelled against h2o) and polar phosphate end facing inside/outside of cell (attracted to h2o)

Question 23

Define steroids, list examples

Answer 23

Lipids that act in body; sex hormones (E, P, T), cortisol (regulates stress), cholesterol (makes cell membranes and more hormones)

Question 24

How are steroids structured

Answer 24

4 rings attached together

Question 25

Define proteins and how they are formed

Answer 25

Highly complex, active molecules; made up of amino acids (base units) forming polypeptide chains (connected by peptide bonds) folding into 3D shapes

Question 26

How do amino acids vary

Answer 26

R group, giving each an individual property

Question 27

List things proteins can be/do with examples

Answer 27

- Enzymes (digestion) - Signals (specific "lock and key"; hormones) - Building blocks (muscles, keratin) - Repair and maintain tissues - Movement (muscle proteins) - Transport materials in/out of cell (hemoglobin, kinesin)

Question 28

How is a protein's function determined

Answer 28

By shape, which has complex levels of organization, determined by amino acid sequence

Question 29

1st protein structure

Answer 29

Amino acid sequence forming polypeptide chain, instructed/encoded in genes

Question 30

2nd protein structure

Answer 30

Small areas fold up into alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheet

Question 31

3rd protein structure

Answer 31

3D shape of one polypeptide chain

Question 32

4th protein structure

Answer 32

Several polypeptides together creating large, functional structure

Question 33

Define nucleic acids

Answer 33

Made up of nucleotides (base units): Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine, Uracil, Adenine

Question 34

How are nucleic acids structured

Answer 34

Ribose sugar, phosphate group, base

Question 35

List functions of nucleic acids

Answer 35

Provide 2 types of genetic materials DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): used only as genetic material, double-stranded helix RNA (ribonucleic acid): single- or double-stranded, used in making proteins (mRNA, tRNA), viruses use as genetic mat

Question 36

Why does DNA have a double strand

Answer 36

Hydrogen bonds between bases C-G has 3 bonds, A-T has 2

Question 37

How do genes help code amino acid chains

Answer 37

Genetic base sequences describe order amino acids should be in to make protein