Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 51 > Archaea + Bacteria > Flashcards

Archaea + Bacteria Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List 5 characteristics of archaea

A
  • Unicellular
  • Prokaryotic
  • Extremophiles (live in extreme conditions)
  • Chemotrophs
  • Binary fission reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Similarities of archaea to bacteria

A

S: prokaryotes, use flagella for movement, similar genetic material structures (nucleoid, plasmid), same reproduction method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Differences of archaea to bacteria

A

Cell wall/membrane composed of different substances, ribosomes more similar to eukaryotes than bacterias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define a halophile

A
  • Living in high-salinity environments
  • Photosynthesize using special proteins that give water a purple colour
  • Can remove salt from inside itself to avoid “drying out”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define a methanogen

A
  • Makes methane through reactions between CO2 and H2
  • (Mostly) strict anaerobe
  • Found in ocean pockets, making methane from other small molecules
  • Found in human/cattle gut (make methane from extra H2 produced by bacterias breaking down food)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define a thermophile

A
  • Found in hot environments (thermal vents in ocean, hot springs)
  • Useful in biotechnical inventions
  • Cultured and manipulated to make thermostable proteins (won’t break down at high temps)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Are archaea pathogenic (disease-causing) to humans?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which groups of eubacteria (“true” bacteria) photosynthesize in ways similar to plants?

A

Cyanobacteria, proteobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe nucleoids

A

Non-organized, central genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe pilli and their function

A

Hair on organisms, used to carry cell copies from one organism to the other by attaching on to one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe plasmids and their functions

A

Small loops of genetic materials containing few genes, copy themselves to create new organism cells. Contain useful genes helping them survive and remain in bacterial populations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe peptidoglycan and its function

A

Bacteria layer forming the cell wall, covers cell membrane providing protection from any harmful outside sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the capsule and its function

A

Means to hold everything inside the cell together, protects against dehydration, high temps, antibiotics, and viruses (only found in some bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the endospore and its function

A

Interior structure protecting genetic material from damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Organic vs inorganic chemicals

A

Ochem: carbon containing chemicals
Inorg: non-carbon containing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Obligate vs facultative aerobes

A

Obligate: needing O2 for surivival
Facultative: Not always needing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Conjugation vs transformation

A

Conj: sexual reproduction
Transf: bacterial cell using DNA to live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How did horizontal gene transfer render E Coli dangerous?

A

A “bad” plasmid was absorbed, mutating the bacteria in a negative way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why does an antibiotic bacteria killing another bacteria benefit it?

A

It takes over

20
Q

How do bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics?

A

More they are used, more chance to develop resistance (Overusage and incompletion of rounds leaves certain bacteria alive to reproduce others with resistance, agriculture.. food and water)

21
Q

Define symbiosis, examples

A

Interactions between two organisms where both benefit
1. Bacteria living in host for nutrients, provides protection to host
2. Bacteria living in the roots of legumes, providing nitrogen fixation

22
Q

What are the 3 groups of bacteria based on nutritional requirements?

A

Aerobe, anaerobe, facultative aerobe

23
Q

How do heterotrophic bacteria eat?

A
  • Breaking down of complex compounds
  • Fermentation
  • Reproduction
24
Q

How do autotrophic bacteria eat?

A
  • Photosynthesis
  • Chemoautotrophic (oxidation of elements)
25
Q

What do sulfur bacteria use for metabolism?

A

H2S

26
Q

How are bacteria important in recycling carbon and returning it to the atmosphere?

A

By decomposing the carbon, we avoid CO2 depletion, which would bring an end to photosynthesis and leave us without food,

27
Q

What is bacteria’s role in the nitrogen cycle?

A

Nitrogen fixation, denitrification

28
Q

Define nitrogen fixation

A

Converting N2 to NH3 (necessary for chlorophyll.. photosynthesis)

29
Q

Define cyanobacteria

A
  • Living in aquatic ecosystems
  • Small, unicellular, colonial
  • Photosynthetic
  • Precursor to chloroplasts (organelles responsible for photosynthesis)
  • Responsible for oxidation of Earth
  • Known as “green-blue algae”
  • Gram negative
30
Q

What are 4 bacterial shapes?

A

Coccus (sphere)
Bacillus (rod-shaped)
Spirillia (spiral)
Vibrios (comma)

31
Q

What are 3 ways bacteria attach?

A

Diplo-: pairs
Strepto-: chain
Staphylo-: clusters

32
Q

Define proteobacteria

A
  • Largest phylum of bacteria kingdom
  • Includes pathogenic and nitrogen-fixing
  • Ancestor to mitochondria
  • Aka “purple bacteria”
  • Some photosynthesize
  • Gram negative
32
Q

Define proteobacteria

A
  • Largest phylum of bacteria kingdom
  • Includes pathogenic and nitrogen-fixing
  • Ancestor to mitochondria
  • Aka “purple bacteria”
  • Some photosynthesize
  • Gram negative
33
Q

Define gram-positivity

A

Cell will have a thick peptidoglycan layer (protection), will turn blue if dyed with specific violet dye. Many bacterial infections (pneumonia, UTI, strep)

34
Q

Define binary fission

A

Bacterial way to reproduce asexually by duplication of DNA and splitting into two new daughter cells

35
Q

Differences between binary fission and mitosis

A
  • BF faster
  • BF division occurs while DNA is being copied and not after
  • No mitotic spindles are formed
  • BF ONLY for reproduction, not for growth like mitosis
36
Q

Define conjugation

A

Two prok. cells build bridge with pilli to share plasmid, allowing for genetic variability. Form of genetic recombination

37
Q

How does conjugation occur?

A
  1. Shared plasmid “Fertility factor, F+ (donor)” containing genes to create pilus bridge and ability to replicate
  2. Bridge to F- (recipient). Protein relaxosome cuts plasmid open to share DNA through bridge. F+ NEVER ATTACHES TO F+ ONLY F-
  3. F+ copies missing strand, relaxosome glues DNA into a ball, plasmid receives a second strand and F- becomes F+
38
Q

Define transformation

A

Bacterial cells pick up free floating plasmids

39
Q

Define transduction

A

Virus infects bacterial cell by injection of (other) bacterial and viral DNA simultaneously

40
Q

Horizontal vs vertical gene transfer

A

H: transfer of DNA between bacterial cells (conjugation, transformation, transduction)
V: passed down genes to offspring

41
Q

What types of genes can plasmids contain that help them survive?

A
  • Antibiotic resistance
  • F+ to conjugate
  • Help bacteria infect host
  • Inactivate antibiotics/poisons
42
Q

What is plasmid addiction?

A

Bacteria will die if plasmid is lost

43
Q

Define the characteristics of E Coli

A
  • Gram-negative
  • Many strains, some causing bacterial infection
  • Water/food contaminants
  • Living in human/cattle gut
  • Contamination due to undercooked food, unpasteurized beverage drinking, contact with feces
44
Q

Define characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus

A
  • Gram-positive
  • Found on skin, hair, nose, throat
  • Cause of several infections (minor: cut infections.. severe: sepsis, endocarditis, pneumonia, bone infection)
  • Some are drug resistant (MRSA)
  • Can cause food poisoning

Biology 51 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions