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Biology 51 > Archaea + Bacteria > Flashcards

Archaea + Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

List 5 characteristics of archaea

A
  • Unicellular
  • Prokaryotic
  • Extremophiles (live in extreme conditions)
  • Chemotrophs
  • Binary fission reproduction
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2
Q

Similarities of archaea to bacteria

A

S: prokaryotes, use flagella for movement, similar genetic material structures (nucleoid, plasmid), same reproduction method

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3
Q

Differences of archaea to bacteria

A

Cell wall/membrane composed of different substances, ribosomes more similar to eukaryotes than bacterias

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4
Q

Define a halophile

A
  • Living in high-salinity environments
  • Photosynthesize using special proteins that give water a purple colour
  • Can remove salt from inside itself to avoid “drying out”
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5
Q

Define a methanogen

A
  • Makes methane through reactions between CO2 and H2
  • (Mostly) strict anaerobe
  • Found in ocean pockets, making methane from other small molecules
  • Found in human/cattle gut (make methane from extra H2 produced by bacterias breaking down food)
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6
Q

Define a thermophile

A
  • Found in hot environments (thermal vents in ocean, hot springs)
  • Useful in biotechnical inventions
  • Cultured and manipulated to make thermostable proteins (won’t break down at high temps)
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7
Q

Are archaea pathogenic (disease-causing) to humans?

A

No

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8
Q

Which groups of eubacteria (“true” bacteria) photosynthesize in ways similar to plants?

A

Cyanobacteria, proteobacteria

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9
Q

Describe nucleoids

A

Non-organized, central genetic material

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10
Q

Describe pilli and their function

A

Hair on organisms, used to carry cell copies from one organism to the other by attaching on to one another

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11
Q

Describe plasmids and their functions

A

Small loops of genetic materials containing few genes, copy themselves to create new organism cells. Contain useful genes helping them survive and remain in bacterial populations.

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12
Q

Describe peptidoglycan and its function

A

Bacteria layer forming the cell wall, covers cell membrane providing protection from any harmful outside sources

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13
Q

Describe the capsule and its function

A

Means to hold everything inside the cell together, protects against dehydration, high temps, antibiotics, and viruses (only found in some bacteria)

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14
Q

Describe the endospore and its function

A

Interior structure protecting genetic material from damage

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15
Q

Organic vs inorganic chemicals

A

Ochem: carbon containing chemicals
Inorg: non-carbon containing

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16
Q

Obligate vs facultative aerobes

A

Obligate: needing O2 for surivival
Facultative: Not always needing

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17
Q

Conjugation vs transformation

A

Conj: sexual reproduction
Transf: bacterial cell using DNA to live

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18
Q

How did horizontal gene transfer render E Coli dangerous?

A

A “bad” plasmid was absorbed, mutating the bacteria in a negative way

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19
Q

Why does an antibiotic bacteria killing another bacteria benefit it?

A

It takes over

20
Q

How do bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics?

A

More they are used, more chance to develop resistance (Overusage and incompletion of rounds leaves certain bacteria alive to reproduce others with resistance, agriculture.. food and water)

21
Q

Define symbiosis, examples

A

Interactions between two organisms where both benefit
1. Bacteria living in host for nutrients, provides protection to host
2. Bacteria living in the roots of legumes, providing nitrogen fixation

22
Q

What are the 3 groups of bacteria based on nutritional requirements?

A

Aerobe, anaerobe, facultative aerobe

23
Q

How do heterotrophic bacteria eat?

A
  • Breaking down of complex compounds
  • Fermentation
  • Reproduction
24
Q

How do autotrophic bacteria eat?

A
  • Photosynthesis
  • Chemoautotrophic (oxidation of elements)
25
Q

What do sulfur bacteria use for metabolism?

A

H2S

26
Q

How are bacteria important in recycling carbon and returning it to the atmosphere?

A

By decomposing the carbon, we avoid CO2 depletion, which would bring an end to photosynthesis and leave us without food,

27
Q

What is bacteria’s role in the nitrogen cycle?

A

Nitrogen fixation, denitrification

28
Q

Define nitrogen fixation

A

Converting N2 to NH3 (necessary for chlorophyll.. photosynthesis)

29
Q

Define cyanobacteria

A
  • Living in aquatic ecosystems
  • Small, unicellular, colonial
  • Photosynthetic
  • Precursor to chloroplasts (organelles responsible for photosynthesis)
  • Responsible for oxidation of Earth
  • Known as “green-blue algae”
  • Gram negative
30
Q

What are 4 bacterial shapes?

A

Coccus (sphere)
Bacillus (rod-shaped)
Spirillia (spiral)
Vibrios (comma)

31
Q

What are 3 ways bacteria attach?

A

Diplo-: pairs
Strepto-: chain
Staphylo-: clusters

32
Q

Define proteobacteria

A
  • Largest phylum of bacteria kingdom
  • Includes pathogenic and nitrogen-fixing
  • Ancestor to mitochondria
  • Aka “purple bacteria”
  • Some photosynthesize
  • Gram negative
32
Q

Define proteobacteria

A
  • Largest phylum of bacteria kingdom
  • Includes pathogenic and nitrogen-fixing
  • Ancestor to mitochondria
  • Aka “purple bacteria”
  • Some photosynthesize
  • Gram negative
33
Q

Define gram-positivity

A

Cell will have a thick peptidoglycan layer (protection), will turn blue if dyed with specific violet dye. Many bacterial infections (pneumonia, UTI, strep)

34
Q

Define binary fission

A

Bacterial way to reproduce asexually by duplication of DNA and splitting into two new daughter cells

35
Q

Differences between binary fission and mitosis

A
  • BF faster
  • BF division occurs while DNA is being copied and not after
  • No mitotic spindles are formed
  • BF ONLY for reproduction, not for growth like mitosis
36
Q

Define conjugation

A

Two prok. cells build bridge with pilli to share plasmid, allowing for genetic variability. Form of genetic recombination

37
Q

How does conjugation occur?

A
  1. Shared plasmid “Fertility factor, F+ (donor)” containing genes to create pilus bridge and ability to replicate
  2. Bridge to F- (recipient). Protein relaxosome cuts plasmid open to share DNA through bridge. F+ NEVER ATTACHES TO F+ ONLY F-
  3. F+ copies missing strand, relaxosome glues DNA into a ball, plasmid receives a second strand and F- becomes F+
38
Q

Define transformation

A

Bacterial cells pick up free floating plasmids

39
Q

Define transduction

A

Virus infects bacterial cell by injection of (other) bacterial and viral DNA simultaneously

40
Q

Horizontal vs vertical gene transfer

A

H: transfer of DNA between bacterial cells (conjugation, transformation, transduction)
V: passed down genes to offspring

41
Q

What types of genes can plasmids contain that help them survive?

A
  • Antibiotic resistance
  • F+ to conjugate
  • Help bacteria infect host
  • Inactivate antibiotics/poisons
42
Q

What is plasmid addiction?

A

Bacteria will die if plasmid is lost

43
Q

Define the characteristics of E Coli

A
  • Gram-negative
  • Many strains, some causing bacterial infection
  • Water/food contaminants
  • Living in human/cattle gut
  • Contamination due to undercooked food, unpasteurized beverage drinking, contact with feces
44
Q

Define characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus

A
  • Gram-positive
  • Found on skin, hair, nose, throat
  • Cause of several infections (minor: cut infections.. severe: sepsis, endocarditis, pneumonia, bone infection)
  • Some are drug resistant (MRSA)
  • Can cause food poisoning

Biology 51 (13 decks)

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