Biomechanics Of Resistance Exercises Flashcards
________________ focuses on the mechanism through which the musculoskeletal components interact to create movement.
Biomechanics
_________ as its proximal towards the midline of the body
Origin
_____________ as it is distal (away from the center of the body)
Insertion
For example in a straight leg sit up the _______ of the iliacus muscle is the femur, because of its relative immobility.
Origin
During leg raise exercise, the pelvis is the relatively immobile and would therefore become the ________, wil the more mobile femur would become the ____________.
Origin
Insertion
_________________- are more often found at the proximal end of a muscle, muscle fibers are directly affixed to the bone, usually over a wide area so that force is distrusted rather than localized.
Fleshy attachment
______________, such as tendons, blend into and are continuous with the muscle sheaths and the connective tissue surrounding the bone.
Fibrous attachment
The muscle most directly involved in bringing about a movement is called the prime mover, or _____________.
Agonist
A muscle that can slow down or stop the movement is called the _____________.
Antagonist
The antagonists assists in joint stabilization and in braking the limb toward the end of the fast movement, thereby protecting ligamentous and ______________ structures from potentially destructive forces.
Cartilaginous joint
A muscle is called a ___________ when it assists indirectly in a movement.
- stabilizer muscles for the scapula during upper body movements.
Synergist
___________- A leverfor which the muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum
First class Lever
_____________ - The pivot point of a lever.
Fulcrum
____________ - A rigid or semirigid body that, when subjected to a force whose line of action does not pass through its pivot point, exerts force on any object impeding its tendency to rotate.
Lever
________________ - The ratio of the movement arm through which an applied force acts to that trough which a resistive force acts.
Mechanical advantage
__________________ (also called force arm, lever arm, or torque arm) - The perpendicular distance from the one of action of the force to the fulcrum.
Moment Arm
_______________ - Force generated by biochemical activity, or the stretching of noncontractile tissue, that tends to draw the opposite ends of muscle toward each other.
Muscle Force
_____________ - Force generated by a source external to the body (e.g., gravity, inertia, friction) that acts contrary to muscle force.
Resistive Force
_______________ - A lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum, with the muscle force acting through a moment arm longer than that through which the resistive force acts, as when the calf muscles work to raise the body onto the ball of the feet.
Second class lever
__________________ - a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum, with the muscle force acting through a moment arm shorter than that through which the resistive force acts.
Third class lever.
___________ - Also know as moment - the degree to which force tends to rotate an object about a specified fulcrum. It is defined quantitatively as the magnitude for a force times the length of its moment arm.
Torque
Most of the skeletal muscles operate at a considerable ___________________ due to the lever arrangement within the body and resists. Thus, during sport and other physical activities, forces in the muscles and tendons are much higher than those exerted by the hands or feet on external objects or the ground.
Mechanical Disadvantage
The mechanical advantage gained by having tendons insert farther from the joint center is accompanied by a loss of ______________ because, with the tendon inserted farther from the joint center, the muscle has to contract more to make the joint move through a given range of motion.
Maximum speed
__________________ the body is erect, the arms are down at the sides, and the palms face forward.
Anatomical position
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cuts the body in half (from left to right), running down the midline. - Movements in the Plane >lunges >standing chest press >standing Rows
Sagittal Plane
_________________ — cuts the body in half (superior to inferior).
Movements in this Plane.
- Band Rotations
Transverse Plane
_____________ - Cut the body in half (front to back)
Movements in this Plane
- Dumbbell Side Lateral Raises
- Lateral Lunges
Frontal Plane
Though it is widely accepted that _______ is the ability to exert force, there is considerable disagreement as to how strength should be measured.
Strength
All sports involve ________________ (change in velocity per unit time) of the body and, fro some sports, of an implement as well. (Baseball bat, javelin, tennis racket.
- associated with resistive force according to Isaac Newton’s Second Law
Force = Mass X ____________
Acceleration
Outside of the scientific realm power is loosely defined as “_______________”.
Explosive strength
______ - is precisely defined as the TIME RATE OF DOING WORK.
- _________= work / time
Power
___________ - is the product of the force exerted on an object and the distance the moves in the direction in which the force is exerted.
- __________ =Force X Displacement
Work
All such ___________ power and work occur during eccentric muscle actions, such as lowering a weight or decelerating at the end of a rapid movement.
“Negative”
The term __________ really refers to work performed on, rather than by, a muscle.
Negative Work
The rate at which the repetitions are performed determines the ______________.
Power Output
The angle through which an object rotates is called its _______________, the SI unit of which is the radian.
Angular Displacement
______________ is the objects rotational speed, measured in radians per second.
Angular Velocity
What equation is used to calculate rotational work?
Work = Torque X Angular Displacement
____________ is the capacity to exert force at any given velocity.
Strength
__________ is the mathematical product of force and velocity at whatever speed.
Power
The sport of weightlifting has a much higher _________ component than the sport of powerlifting, due to the higher movement velocities with heavy weights of the weightlifting movements.
Power
__________ affects the maximal force output of a muscle by determining which and how many motor units are involved in Muscle contraction.
Neural COntrol
Muscle Contraction is ?
Recruitment
The rate at which the motor units are fired ?
Rate coding
The ____________ a muscle can exert is related to its cross-sectional area rather than to its volume.
Force
Maximal contracting muscles have been found capable of generating forces of ______ to _____ psi of muscle cross-sectional area.
23 to 145
a __________ has fibers that align obliquely with the tendon, crating a feather like arrangement.
Pennate Muscle
The ___________ is defined as the angle between the muscle fibers and an imaginary line between the muscles origin and insertion; 0deg. Corresponds to no Pennation.
Angle of Pennation
Muscle with greater ____________ have more sarcomeres in parallel and fewer sarcomeres in series.
Pennation
Most importantly, although angle of Pennation may vary depending on hereditary factors, it is _______________, which could help account for some of the differences in strength and speed seen in individuals who seem to have muscles of the same size.
Modifiable through training
The muscle can generate the greatest force at its_______________
Resting length
________________ the muscles shortens because the contractile force is greater than the resistive force. The forces generated within the muscle and acting to shorten it are greater than the external forces acting at its tendons to stretch it.
Concentric Muscle Action
__________________ - the muscle lengthens because the contractile force is less than the resistive force. The forces generated within the muscle and acting to shorten it are less than the external forces acting at its tendons to stretch it.
Eccentric Muscle Action
_______________ - the muscle length does not change, because the contractile force is equal to the resistive force.
Isometric muscle action
The greatest muscle force can be obtained during the ________ phase. Muscle action.
-exerted by muscle keeps the weight from being accelerated downward by gravitational force.
Eccentric
___________________ - the muscle length does not change, because the contractile force is equal to the resistive force. The forces generated within the muscle and acting to shorten it equal to the external forces acting at its tendons to stretch it.
isometric muscle action
If, after training, an athlete increases body mass by 15%but increases force capability buy only 10%, the strength-to-mass ratio, and thus the athletes ability to accelerate, is_____________.
Reduced
Why are smaller athletes pound for pound stronger than larger athletes?
Muscles maximal contractile force is fairly proportional to its cross-sectional area, which is related to the square or linear body dimensions.
_________________ - the load lifted is divided by body weight to the two-thirds power, thus accounting for the relationship of cross-sectional area versus volume.
Classic Formula
The most common sources of resistance for strength training exercises are?
Gravity, inertia, friction, fluid, resistance and elasticity.
What are the advantages of the stack machine?
- safety
- Design flexibility
- Ease of use
Advantages of free weights include the following?
- whole body training
- simulation of real-life activities
__________________-can act in any direction.
Inertial force.
___________________ in which the athlete performs the sport movement with less than normal and greater than normal resistance is another form of acceleration training.
Bracketing technique
_____________ is the resistive force encountered when one attempts to move an object while it is pressed against another object.
Friction
_________________ - a source of fluid resistance
- which results from the fricition of a fluid passing along the surface of an object.
Surface Drag
_____________ - a source of fluid resistance
- which results from the way in passing through it.
- Cross-sectional area has a major effect.
Form drag
Injures due to resistance training accounted for only __________ of the in-season injury-related time loss of the players.
0.74%
The _________ muscles act at a great mechanical disadvantage and must generate forces much greater than the weight of an object lifted.
Back
It has been observed that ____ to _____ of all intervertebral disk herniations occur at the disk between the lowest two lumbar vertebrae (L4 and L5) or between the lowest lumbar vertebrae sacral vertebra (L5 and S1)
85% To 90%
The ______________ is naturally S-shaped, being slightly rounded (kyphotic) in the thoracic spine and lordotic in the lumbar spine.
Vertebral column
In the _______________ , the glottis is closed, thus keeping air from escaping the lungs, and the muscles of the abdomen and rib cage contract, creating rigid compartments of liquid in the lower torso and air in the upper torso.
- is not necessary for generation of intra-abdominal pressure.
- can have an undesirable side effect of exerting compressive force on the heart, making more difficult for blood to return to the heart
Valsalva Maneuver
The Stability of the ____________ largely depends on glenoid labrum, the joint synovium, and capsules, ligaments, muscles, tendons, and bursae.
Shoulder
What are the Rotator Cuff Muscles?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres Minor
The _____________ function is to hold the quadriceps tendon away from the knee axis of rotation, thereby increasing the moment arm of the quadriceps group and its Mechanical advantage.
Knee
Heavy knee wraps around the knee provide what type of effect?
Spring Effect
What is the Definition of Power?
(Force)X(velocity)
To compare performance of Olympic weightlifters of different body weights, the classic formula divide the loss lifted by the athlete’s What?
Body weight to the 2/3 power
