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CSCS - Study Guide > BioEnergetics Of Exercise And Training > Flashcards

BioEnergetics Of Exercise And Training Flashcards

1
Q

___________ of exercise and training is based on an understanding of the transfer of energy in biological systems.

A

Metabolic Specificity

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2
Q

______________or the flow of energy in a biological system, concerns primarily the conversion of macronutrients- Carbs, fats, proteins.

A

Bioenergetics

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3
Q

The breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules, associated with the release of energy, is termed _____________.

A

Catabolism

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4
Q

The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules can be accomplished using the energy released from catabolic reaction. This building up process is called?

A

Anabolism

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5
Q

_______________ are energy-releasing reactions and are generally Catabolic.

A

Exergonic Reactions

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6
Q

______________ - require energy and include anabolic processes and the contraction of muscle.

A

Endergonic Reaction

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7
Q

______________ - is the total of all the catabolic or exergonic reactions is used to drive anabolic or endergonic reactions in a biological system.

A

Metabolism

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8
Q

______________ - energy derived from catabolic or exergonic reactions is used to drive anabolic or endergonic reactions through an intermediate molecule.

  • Allows for the transfer of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions.
  • without as adequate supply, muscular activity and muscle growth would not be possible.
  • Composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups
A

ATP

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9
Q

The breakdown of one molecule of ATP to yield energy is known as ________________.

A

Hydrolysis

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10
Q

The hydrolysis of ATP is catalyzed by the presence of enzyme called _________________________.

A

Adenosine Triphosphatase (ATPase)

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11
Q

________________ - pumping calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Calcium ATPase

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12
Q

_________________ - for maintaining the sarcolemmal concentration gradient after depolarization.

A

Sodium-potassium ATPase

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13
Q

________________ - ADP which only has two phosphate groups.

A

Adenosine Diphosphate.

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14
Q

Three basic energy systems exist in mammalian muscle cells to replenish ATP, they are?

A
  • Phosphagen Sytem
  • Glycolysis
  • Oxidative system
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15
Q

The Kreb cycle, electron transport, and the rest of the oxidative system are aerobic mechanisms that occur in the ______________ of muscle cells and require oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.

A

Mitochondria

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16
Q

Only _________________ can be metabolized for energy without the direct involvement of oxygen.
- it is critical during anaerobic metabolism

A

Carbs

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17
Q

______________ Provides ATP primarily for, short-term, high intensity activities and girly active at the start of all exercise regardless of intensity.

A

Phosphagen System

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18
Q

________________ also called ________________ is the enzyme tat catalyzes the synthesis at ATP from CP and ADP.
- supplies a phosphate group that combines with ADP to replenish ATP.

A

Creating Phosphate

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19
Q

The body stores approximately ______ to _______g of ATP at any give time, which does not represent a significant energy reserve for exercise.

A

80 to 100g

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20
Q

_______ stores cannot be completely depleted due to the necessity for basic cellular function.
-In fact, concentrations may decrease by up to 50 to 60% of the prexercise levels during experimentally induced muscle fatigue. This is why Phosphagen systems use the creative kinase reaction to maintain the concentration of ____.

A

ATP

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21
Q

Another important single-enzyme reaction that can rapidly replenish ATP is the __________________
- this reaction is particularly important because AMP, a product of the adenylate kinase reaction, is a powerful stimulant of glycolysis.

A

Adenylate Kinases (also called MYOKINASE) Reaction.

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22
Q

The reactions of Phosphagen system are largely controlled by the _______________ or mass action effect.
-states that the concentrations of reactants or products in solution will drive the direction of the reactions.

A

Law of Mass Action

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23
Q

________________ that proceed in a direction dictated by the concentrations of the reactants due to the law of mass action.

A

Near-equilibrium reaction

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24
Q

_____________ , the end result of glycolysis, may proceed in one of two directions:

  1. Can be converted to lactate in the sarcoplasm
  2. Can be shuttled into the mitochondria.
A

Pyruvate

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25
Q

When pyruvate is converted to lactate, ATP resynthesis occurs at a faster rate via the rapid regeneration of NAD+, but is limited in duration due to the subsequent H+ production and resulting decrease in cytosolic pH. This is called _________________

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

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26
Q

However, when pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria to undergo the Krebs cycle, the ATP resynthesis rate is slower because of the numerous reactions, but can occur for a longer duration if the exercise intensity is low enough. This process is often referred to as _____________________.

A

Aerobic Glycolysis

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27
Q

The formation of lactate from pyruvate is catalyzed by the enzyme __________________.

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

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28
Q

Due to the physiological pH and earlier steps in glycolysis that consume protons, ____________ - rather than lactic acid — is the product of the lactate dehydrogenase reaction.

A

Lactate

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29
Q

This process of an exercise-indices decrease in pHis referred to as _____________________, and may be responsible for much of the peripheral fatigue that occurs during exercise.

A

Metabolic Acidosis

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30
Q

Lactate is often used as an __________________, especially in type 1 and cardiac muscle fibers.

A

Energy substrate

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31
Q

It is also used in ____________ - the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources — during extended exercise and recovery.

A

Gluconeogenesis

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32
Q

_____________ - muscle that has not been desiccated

A

Wet muscle

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33
Q

Lactate can also be transported in the blood to the liver, where it is converted to glucose. This process is called______________.

A

Cori Cycle

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34
Q

the net reaction for glycolysis when pyruvate is converted to lactate may be summarized as follows:
____________+____+______——> ________ + _______ + ________

A

Glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP —> 2Lactate +2ATP +H2O

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35
Q

__________ is the process of adding an inorganic phosphate (Pi) to another molecule

A

Phosphorylation

36
Q

______________ -refers to the resynthesis of ATP in the electron transport chain.

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

37
Q

_____________is am common misnomer, as lactic acid is inaccurately believed to cause the burning sensations experienced with muscle fatigue.

A

Lactic Acidosis

38
Q

_______________ refers to the direct resynthesis of ATP from ADP during a single reaction in the metabolic pathways.

A

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

39
Q

When muscle glycogen is broken down this is known as ?

A

Glycogenolysis

40
Q

________________ occurs when the end product of a reaction or series o reactions feeds back to regulate the turnover rate of key enzymes in the metabolic pathways.

A

Allosteric Regulation

41
Q

_______________ occurs when an end product binds to the regulatory enzyme and decreases its turnover rate and slows product formation.

A

Allosteric inhibition

42
Q

_______________ occurs when an “activator” binds with the enzymes and increases its turnover rate.

A

Allosteric Activation

43
Q

Phosphofructokinase is the most important regulator of glycolysis because it is the _________________.

A

Rate-limiting step

44
Q

PFK stands for ?

A

Phosphofructokinase

45
Q

_______________ is allosterically inhibited by ATP and acetyl-CoA (the latter is a Krebs cycle intermediate) and activated by high concentrations of AMP and Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate.

A

Pyruvate Kinase

46
Q

The exercise intensity or relative intensity at which blood lactate begins an abrupt increase above the baseline concentration has been termed the _____________________.

A

Lactate Threshold

47
Q

_____________________ - breaking point in the relationship between ventilation and VO2)

A

Ventilation threshold

48
Q

The LT begins at ______&_____ of maximal oxygen uptake in untrained individuals

A

50/60%

49
Q

The LT typically begins at ______&_____ in aerobically trained athletes.

A

70/80%

50
Q

_______________________ - occurs when the concentration of blood lactate reaches 4 Mmol/L

A

Onset of blood lactate accumulation

51
Q

The muscle cells associated with large motor units are typically ____________, which are particularly suited for anaerobic metabolism and lactate production.

A

Type 2 fibers

52
Q

______________, the primary source of ATP at rest and during low-intensity activities, uses primarily carbohydrates and fats as substrates.

A

Oxidative System

53
Q

At rest, approximately ____ of the ATP produced is derived from fat and _____ from carbohydrate.

A

70/30%

54
Q

During ___________________, almost 100% of the energy is derived from carbohydrate if an adequate supply is available, with minimal contributions from fats and protein.

A

High intensity aerobic exercise

55
Q

The ___________ is a series of reactions that continues the oxidation of the substrate from glycolysis and produces two ATP indirectly from guanine triphosphate (GTP), via substrate-level phosphorylation, for each molecule of glucose.

A

Krebs Cycle

56
Q

One molecule of _________ can produce three molecules of ATP.

A

NADH

57
Q

One molecule of ___________ can produce only two molecules of ATP.

A

FADH2

58
Q

If the initiation of glycolysis is muscle glycogen, the net ATP production is ____, since the hexokinase reaction is not necessary with muscle glycogenolysis.

A

39

59
Q

_______ can only be used by the oxidative energy system.

A

Fats

60
Q

__________________ - a series of reactions in which the free fatty acids are broken down, resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA and hydrogen protons.

A

Beta-Oxidation

61
Q

Although not a significant source of energy for most activities, _________ protein can be broken down into its constituent amino acids by various metabolic processes.

A

Protein

62
Q

The major amino acids that are oxidized in skeletal muscle are believed to be the __________________ (leucine, isoleucine, and valine), although alanine, aspartame, and glutamate may also be used.

A

BCAAs

63
Q

the _____________ in the Krebs cycle is the conversion of isocitrate to a-keto glutamate, a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase.

A

Rate-Limiting Step

64
Q

___________ is defined as a level of muscular activity that’s can be quantified in terms of power output.

A

Exercise Intensity

65
Q

The _________________ is capable of achieving the highest rate of ATP production.

A

Phosphagen system

66
Q

_______________ has the greatest capacity of ATP production

A

Fat Oxidation

67
Q

______________ experienced during many activities is frequently associated with the depletion of Phosphagen and glycogen.

A

Fatigue

68
Q

Phosphagen concentrations in muscle are more rapidly depleted as a result of _________________________.

A

High-intensity anaerobic exercise

69
Q

_________________ can decrease markedly (50-70%) during the first stage of high-intensity exercise of short and moderate duration (5-30sec) and can be almost completely depleted as a result of very intense exercise to exhaustion

A

Creating Phosphate

70
Q

Post exercise: - completely resynthesis of ATP appears to occur within __________
- complete CP resynthesis can occur with _____________.

A
  • ATP - 3-5min

- CP- 8min

71
Q

_________________ has been shown to increase the resting concentrations of Phosphagens in the triceps brachial after five weeks of training.

A

Resistance training

72
Q

The increases in Phosphagen concentration may have occurred due to selective hypertrophy of _________,, which can contain a higher Phosphagen concentration of Type 1 fibers.

A

Type 2 fibers

73
Q

Approximately ____ to ____ of glycogen ar stored in the body’s total muscle and about ____ to ____ in the liver.

A

300 to 400g

70 to 100g

74
Q

__________________ is a more important energy source than liver glycogen during moderate - and high-intensity exercise.

A

Muscle Glycogen

75
Q

__________________ appears to be more important during low-intensity exercise, and is contribution to metabolic processes increases with duration of exercise.

A

Liver Glycogen

76
Q

Increases in relative exercise intensity of 50%,75%, and 100% of max oxygen uptake result in increases in the rate of ______________________.

A

Muscle glycogenolysis

77
Q

The greater the intensity, the faster the rate of _________________.

A

Glycogenolysis

78
Q

Repletion of muscle glycogen during recovery is related to post exercise _______________ ingestion. Repletion appears to be optimal of 0.7 to 3.0g per kilo of body weight ingested every 2 hours following exercises.

A

Carbohydrate

79
Q

If the exercise has a high ________________ (associated with exercise - induced muscle damage), more time may be required to completely replenish muscle glycogen.

A

Eccentric Component

80
Q

___________________ is a measure of a persons ability to take in oxygen via the respiratory system and deliver it to the working tissues via the cardiovascular system, and the ability of working tissues (predominantly skeletal muscle) to use oxygen.

A

Oxygen uptake

81
Q

The anaerobic contribution to the total energy cost of exercise is termed the _________________.

A

Oxygen deficit

82
Q

______________ postexercise oxygen uptake.

A

Oxygen debt or Excess postexercise oxygen consumption

83
Q

The ______________ is the oxygen uptake above resting values used to restore the body in the preexercise condition.

A

EPOC

84
Q

Contributions from anaerobic mechanisms from anaerobic mechanisms are primary up to __________, after which aerobic metabolism becomes the primary energy-supplying mechanism.

A

60 seconds

85
Q

______________ is a method that emphasizes bioenergetic adaptations for a more efficient energy transfer within the metabolic pathways by using predetermined intervals of exercise and rest periods.

A

Interval training

86
Q

________________ involves brief repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise with intermittent recovery periods.
- Often discussed in terms of duty cycles involving a high intensity work phase followed by a lower-intensity recovery phase.

A

HITT

87
Q

Some suggest that aerobic endurance training should be added to the training of anaerobic athletes ( a process that can be termed __________________. )

A

Combination Training or Cross training

CSCS - Study Guide (11 decks)

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