Adaptations To Aerobic Endurance Training Programs Flashcards
A single bout of ___________________ places a significant metabolic demand on the body, especially the cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscular system.
Aerobic Exercise
The primary functions of the ____________________ during aerobic exercises are to deliver oxygen and other nutrients to the working muscles and remove metabolites and waste products.
Cardiovascular System
__________________ - is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in liters per minute and is determined by the quantity of blood ejected with each beat and heart’s rate of pumping.
Cardiac Output
______________ - quantity of blood ejected with each beat
- begins to increase at the onset of exercise and continues to rise until the individuals oxygen consumption is at approximately 40 to 50% of max oxygen uptake, which at that point stroke volume begins to plateau.
Stroke Volume
The hearts rate off pumping - ____________________
Heart rate
Two physiological mechanisms are responsible for the regulation of stroke volume. They are?
- end-diastolic volume
- Action of catecholamines including epinephrine and norepinephrine
__________________ - the volume of blood available to be pumped by the left ventricle at the end of the filling phase, or diastole.
End-diastolic volume
The amount of blood returning to the heart (is called________________) is increased due to a combination of venoconstriction (induced via increased sympathetic nervous system activation)
Venous Return
____________________ - is related to the concept that the force contraction is a function of the length of the fibers of the muscle wall.
Frank-Starling Mechanism
The increase in cardiac emptying is characterized by an increase in the __________________, the fraction of the end-diastolic volume ejected from the heart.
Ejection Fraction
________________ - is the amount of oxygen consumed by the body’s tissues.
Oxygen Uptake
___________________ - is the greatest amount of oxygen that can be used at the cellular level for the entire body.
- has been found to correlate well with the degree of physical conditioning and is recognized as the mst widely accepted measure of cardio respiratory fitness.
Max. Oxygen Uptake
Oxygen uptake (VO2) can be calculated with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which expresses the relationship of cardiac output, oxygen uptake, and arteriovenous oxygen difference VO2 = Q x a-v O2 difference
Fick Euation
_________________ - the difference in the oxygen content between arterial and venous blood.
Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference
____________________ - estimates the pressure exerted against the arterial walls as blood is forcefully ejected during ventricular contraction (systole) and, when combined with heart rate, can be used to describe the myocardial oxygen consumption.
Systolic Blood Pressue
__________________________ is used to estimate the pressure exerted the arterial walls when no blood is being forcefully ejected through the vessels (diastole).
- provides an indciation of peripheral resistance and can decrease with aerobic exercise due to vasodilation.
- resting arterial pressure on average fluctuates between a systolic level of 120 mmHg and __________ level of 80 mmHG
Diastolic blood pressure
The __________________ is the average blood pressure through the the cardiac cycle.
- is not the average of systolic and diastolic pressures, because the arterial pressure usually remains nearer the diastolic level than the systolic during a greater portion of the cardiac cycle.
Mean Arterial Pressure
_________________ and ________________ of blood vessels are the primary mechanisms for regulating regional blood flow.
Vasoconstriction and Vadodilation
Significant increases in oxygen delivered to the tissue, Carson dioxide returned to the lungs, and _____________ (the volume of air breathed per minute) provide for appropriate levels of alveolar gas concentrations during aerobic exercise.
Minute ventilation
While __________________, the amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath, increases from resting values to as much a 3 L or greater.
Tidal Volume
The ratio of minute ventilation to oxygen uptake is termed the __________________ and ranges between 20 and 25 L of air per liter of oxygen consumed.
Ventilator equivalent
With inspiration, air enters the ______________, the functional unit of the pulmonary system where gas exchange occurs.
Alveoli
This area is not unction all for gas exchange and is called the ____________________.
Anatomical dead space
______________________ - refers to alveoli in which port blood flow, poor ventilation, or other problems with the alveolar surface impair gas exchange.
Physiological dead space.
__________________ is the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across a cell membrane and is a function of the concentration of each gas and the resulting partial pressure exerted by the molecule motion of each gas.
Diffusion
The greatest amount of carbon dioxide removal (approximately _______) is from the combination with water and delivery to the lungs in the form of bicarbonate (HCO3)
70%
Aerobic endurance training results in several changes in cardiovascular function, including increased maximal ______________, __________________, ________________ and ____________________.
Cardiac output
Increased stroke volume
Reduced heart rate at rest
During submaximal exercise
________________ - slower heart rate.
Bradycardia
_____________ have a higher preexisting initial aerobic capacity, to which the increase in aerobic potential from training is added.
- possess an oxidative capacity greater than that of type II fibers both before and after training.
Type 1 fibers
At the cellular level, muscular adaptations to aerobic exercise include an increase in the size and number of ____________ and increased _____________ content.
- Mitochondria
2. Myoglobin
________________ is a protein that transports oxygen within the cell.
Myoglobin
_____________________ are the organelles in cells that are responsible for aerobically producing adenosine triphosphate via oxidation of glycogen and free fatty acids.
Mitochondria
