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MSK 2 > Biomechanics Of Ankle (2) > Flashcards

Biomechanics Of Ankle (2) Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones and joints are in the ankle?

A

28 bones and 27 joints

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2
Q

What is the stability aspect of the ankle?

A

Base of support for weight bearing activities

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3
Q

What does the ankle act as?

A

Rigid lever for effective push off during gait

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4
Q

What is the mobility aspect of the ankle?

A

Dampen torsions from proximal joints

Shock absorber

Conform to different terrain

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5
Q

What makes up the forefoot?

A

Metatarsals

Phalanges

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6
Q

What makes up the midfoot?

A

Navicular

Cuboid

Cuneiforms

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7
Q

What makes up the hindfoot?

A

Talus

Calcaneus

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8
Q

What is dorsiflexion of the talocrural joint?

A

15-20°

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9
Q

What is plantar flexion of the talocrural joint?

A

45-50°

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10
Q

What plane does the talocrural joint move in?

A

Sagittal plane

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11
Q

What plane does the subtalar joint move in?

A

Coronal plane

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12
Q

What are the movements of the subtalar joint?

A

Inversion and eversion

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13
Q

What plane does the transverse tarsal move in?

A

Transverse plane

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14
Q

What are movements of the transverse tarsal?

A

Adduction and abduction

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15
Q

What are the movements of supination in the closed chain?

A

Calcaneal inversion

Abduction and dorsiflexion of the talus

Elevates ML arch

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16
Q

What are the movements of supination in the open chain?

A

Calcaneal inversion

Adduction and plantar flexion of talus

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17
Q

What are movements of pronation in the closed chain?

A

Calcaneal eversion

Adduction and plantar flexion of talus

Lowers ML arch

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18
Q

What is the movement of pronation in the open chain?

A

Calcaneal eversion

Abduction and dorsiflexion of talus

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19
Q

What are the tibiofibular joints?

A

Proximal

Interosseus membrane

Distal

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20
Q

What is the Syndesmosis of the fibula?

A

Distal fibula and fibular notch of tibia

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21
Q

What is the function of the anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments?

A

Restrict motion and stabilize mortise

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22
Q

Where do the proximal and distal tibiofibular joints work together at?

A

Knee and ankle joints

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23
Q

What is the movement of the tibia in closed chain?

A

Tibia performs movement around the fibula due to absorbing most of the body weight

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24
Q

What does supination in the ankle produce?

A

Distal and posterior glide of the fibula

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25
Q

What does pronation in the ankle produce?

A

Proximal and anterior glide with external rotation of the fibula

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26
Q

What does plantar flexion produce?

A

Distal glide and medial rotation of the fibula

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27
Q

What does dorsiflexion produce?

A

Proximal glide and external rotation of the fibula

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28
Q

What type of joint is the talocrural joint?

A

Modified hinge synovial

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29
Q

What is the most congruent joint in the body?

A

Tenon/mortise articulation

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30
Q

What are characteristics of the tenon/mortise articulation?

A

Wider anterior

No muscular attachments

Limited blood supply

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31
Q

What is the mortise?

A

Rectangular cavity

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32
Q

What is the tenon?

A

Projection shaped for insertion into mortise

33
Q

How does the axis shift in talocrural coupling?

A

With movement from the transverse plane of the lower leg to frontal plane of the foot

34
Q

What does lower leg rotation initiate?

A

Movement of the talus which causes simultaneous motion in all 3 joints

35
Q

What is closed packed position of the talocrural joint?

A

Dorsiflexion

36
Q

What is open packed position of the talocrural joint?

A

10-20° of plantar flexion

37
Q

What is the capsular pattern of the talocrural joint?

A

PF more limited than DF

38
Q

What are the deltoid ligaments?

A

Tibionavicular

Tibiocalcaneal

Posterior and anterior tibiotalar

39
Q

What do the deltoid ligaments resist?

A

Valgus/eversion

40
Q

What percentage of ankle sprains occur in the deltoid ligaments?

41
Q

What are the lateral ligaments?

A

Anterior and posterior talofibular

Calcaneofibular

42
Q

What percentage of ankle sprains occur in the lateral ligaments?

43
Q

What is the most injured ligament of the lateral ligaments?

A

Anterior talofibular ligament

44
Q

What is the strongest ligament of the lateral ligaments?

A

Posterior talofibular ligament

45
Q

What type of joint is the subtalar joint?

A

Synovial joint

46
Q

What is the triplanar motion of the subtalar joint used to do?

A

Dampen rotational forces and maintain foot contact

47
Q

What is the closed pack position of the subtalar joint?

A

Supination which causes a rigid lever

48
Q

What is the open packed position of the subtalar joint?

A

Neutral between pronation and supination leading to more mobility and shock absorption

49
Q

What is the capsular pattern of the subtalar joint?

A

Varus more limited than valgus

50
Q

What does talar adduction during pronation cause?

A

Internal rotation of lower leg

51
Q

Pronated subtalar joint in weight bearing imposes internal rotation force on the lower leg that can affect what?

A

Hip and knee

52
Q

What may be related to anterior knee pain?

A

Excessive hip rotation which causes medially facing patella

53
Q

What does the transverse tarsal joint separate?

A

Hindfoot from midfoot

54
Q

What type of joint is the Talonavicular joint?

A

Ball and socket

55
Q

What is the function of the spring ligament?

A

Supports Talonavicular joint and medial longitudinal arch

56
Q

What is the Talonavicular joint used for?

57
Q

What is the calcaneocuboid joint used for?

58
Q

What supports the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

Long plantar ligament

59
Q

What does the transverse tarsal joint increase?

A

ROM of subtalar pronation and supination

60
Q

What does the transverse tarsal joint compensate for?

A

Hindfoot positioning

61
Q

What does the transverse tarsal joint enable the forefoot to do?

A

Remain flat regardless of hindfoot pronation or supination

62
Q

What do both the subtalar and transverse tarsal joint do on level surfaces?

A

Pronate which allows foot to absorb shock of body weight during early stance

63
Q

What does the transverse tarsal joint do during mid stance?

A

Supinates to ensure contact between lateral border of foot and ground

64
Q

Why do the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints supinate in late stance?

A

To increase stability of stance limb locking in a closed pack position

65
Q

What is pes planus?

A

Lack of medial longitudinal arch (flat footed)

66
Q

What type of joints are tarsometatarsal joints?

A

Planar synovial joints

67
Q

What forms the tarsometatarsal joint?

A

Distal tarsals and bases of metatarsals

68
Q

How does the tarsometatarsal joint maintain forefoot contact with ground?

A

Rotating to adjust the forefoot position

69
Q

What type of joint is the metatarsophalangeal joint?

A

Condyloid synovial

70
Q

What are the sesamoid bones?

A

Two small bones on plantar surface of 1st metatarsal head

71
Q

What is the function of the sesamoids?

A

Anatomic pulleys for flexor hallucis brevis

72
Q

What does the sesamoid protect?

A

Flexor hallucis longus tendon from trauma

73
Q

What are the sources of stability of the plantar arches?

A

Wedged shaped mid tarsal bones

Medial longitudinal arch

Plantar aponeurosis

Intrinsic foot muscles

74
Q

What does the plantar aponeurosis increase foot stability during?

A

Metatarsal phalangeal extension during push off (windlass effect)

75
Q

How is the tie rod during non weight bearing?

76
Q

How is the tie rod during weight bearing?

77
Q

Pes cavus

A

Increased medial longitudinal arch (supinated foot)

78
Q

What are related injuries to pes planus?

A

Plantar fasciitis

Knee pain

Patellar tendinitis

Stress fractures (2 and 3 MTs)

79
Q

What are injuries related to pes cavus?

A

Plantar fasciitis

Ankle inversion sprains

IT band syndrome

Stress fracture (5th MTs)

MSK 2 (21 decks)

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