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School🖊📚📖📈 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

PCR is short for

A

Polymerase chain reaction

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2
Q

PCR what does it actually mean?

A

it’s a chain reaction (exponential multiplication) only of a fragement

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3
Q

Where is a PCR performed?

A

in a tube in a thermal cylinder in the lab

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4
Q

what components are needed for a PCR ?

A

original DNA (we want to copy) free floating nucleotides primer DNA polymerase

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5
Q

anology of original paper

A

original DNA (we want to copy)

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6
Q

anology of new paper and ink

A

free floating nucleotides

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7
Q

anology of bookmark

A

primer

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8
Q

anology of copying machine

A

DNA polymerase

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9
Q

what are the steps of PCR ?

A
  1. Denaturation 2. Hybridisation (or annealing) 3. Synthesis (or extension)
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10
Q

What is a primer for?

A
  1. it helps the polymerase to attach to the DNA ( a polymerase can attach to dsDNA only) 2. It marks the starting point of replication
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11
Q

why do we need two different primers?

A

we need a bookmark for start and stop (if not we would read forever ;)

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12
Q

Why perform a PCR ?

A

Copying DNA millionfold, so it gets visible to the human eye

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13
Q

how many DNA strands in a cell?

A

46 chromosomes = 46 double DNA strands

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14
Q

what is the aim of DNA-replication?

A

to create ONE identical copy of DNA

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15
Q

Helicase

A

unwinding & seperating the DNA-strands

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16
Q

DNA-Polymerase III

A

adding & binding nucleotides (continuous replication) -> nucleotides must be complementary

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17
Q

Primase

A

creates primers (so polymerase III can attach)

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18
Q

DNA-Polymerase III (2)

A

adding & binding nucleotides (discontinuous replication) -> formation of socalled OKAZAKI-fragments

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19
Q

Ligase

A

linking the OKAZAKI-fragements

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20
Q

nucleotide

A
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21
Q

hydrogen bonds

A
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22
Q

nitrogenous base

A
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23
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

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24
Q

what is the name of the sugar group?

A

(deoxy) ribose

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25
Q

Base A

and Nucleotide A

A

Adenine

Adenosine

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26
Q

Base T

and Nucleotide T

A

Thymine

Thymidine

27
Q

Base G

and Nucleotide G

A

Guanine

Guanosine

28
Q

Base C

and Nucleotide C

A

Cytosine

Cytidine

29
Q

which bases pair together?

A

A = T

G (3) C

30
Q

3 ways to copy DNA

A
  • PCR
  • Transcription
  • Replication
31
Q

what happens during PCT?

A

a fragment of the DNA is copied millionfolds

32
Q

aim/result of PCR

A

millions of DNA fragments

-> make DNA visible to the human eye

33
Q

what happens during Transcription?

A

copy of 1 gene

-> mRNA

Translation

-> a protein

product for the cell & the organism

34
Q

what happens during replication?

A

copy the whole DNA 1x

35
Q

aim/ result of DNA Replication

A

2 identical sets of DNA

-> cell replication

36
Q

the organisation of DNA

A
  • phosphate group
  • sugar group
  • nitrogenous base
  • nucleotide
37
Q

DNA organisation: Back Bone

A

consist of

  • Phosphate group
  • sugar group
38
Q

all enzymes for DNA-replication

A
  • helicase
  • polymerase III (continous and discontinous replication)
  • primase
  • Ligase
39
Q

definition of an enzyme

A

a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

40
Q

Steps of PCR

function of 1. Denaturation

A

0°-> 90° degrees spliting up DNA strand

41
Q

Steps of PCR

function of 2. Hybridisation

A

2 Primers attach to the DNA 70° degrees

42
Q

Steps of PCR

function of 3. Synthesis

A

polymerase can add and bind nucleotides

43
Q

Gene structure and protein synthesis:

exon

A

gene sequence containing information (which will be translated)

44
Q

Gene structure and protein synthesis:

T/A -rich region /enhancer

A

responsible for reading frequency

how much?

45
Q

Gene structure and protein synthesis:

intron (red part of Gene structure)

A

sequence without information

46
Q

Gene structure and protein synthesis:

UTR: 3’ or 5’

A

untranslated region

47
Q

Gene structure and protein synthesis:

splicing

A

removal of introns from the pre-RNA (remove th ered part)

from pre-mRNA

to mRNA

48
Q

4 main differences between DNA and mRNA

1.

A
  1. length:

DNA: long strands 1000s of genes

mRNA: short strands, copy of one gene

49
Q

4 main differences between DNA and mRNA

2.

A

2. Bases

DNA: G,C,A,T

mRNA: G,C,A,U

in mRNA tymine is replaced by Uracil

50
Q

4 main differences between DNA and mRNA

3.

A

3. Sugar

DNA: deoxyribo (oxygen lacking)

mRNA: ribose

51
Q

4 main differences between DNA and mRNA

4.

A

4. Strands

DNA: double stranded (-> stable, protected)

mRNA: single stranded (-> not very stable, want to read the information only one way use, shortly used)

52
Q

From DNA to RNA

promoter

A

specific nucleotide sequence of DNA, where RNA-polymerase binds and STARTS transcription

53
Q

From DNA to RNA

termination signal

A

specific nucleotide sequence of DNA, marking the END of a gene

54
Q

From DNA to RNA

RNA-polymerase

A

enzyme that creates an RNA-strand complementary to a DNA-strand

55
Q

3 types of RNA and their function

A
  1. messenger RNA (mRNA)
  2. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  3. transfer RNA (tRNA)
56
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

copy of one gene, carrying the instructions of a protein

57
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

part of the enzymatic complex responsible for producing proteins

58
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

transfer amino acids in the cell

59
Q

From DNA to RNA

processes 1-3

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
60
Q

From DNA to RNA

  1. process
A
  1. Initiation

Polymerase attaches to promoter and unwinds the dsDNA

61
Q

From DNA to RNA

  1. process
A
  1. Elongation

the RNA-polymerase complements the DNA- sequence with RNA nucleotides and links them

62
Q

From DNA to RNA

  1. Process
A
  1. Termination

the newly formed RNA is released Polymerase detaches from the DNA-strand

63
Q

Recognition of a gene

A gene has the following characteristics

A
  1. direction 5’-> 3’
  2. start codon: ATG
  3. reading in frame
  4. stop codon: TAG, TGA,TAA

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