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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

PCR is short for

A

Polymerase chain reaction

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2
Q

PCR what does it actually mean?

A

it’s a chain reaction (exponential multiplication) only of a fragement

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3
Q

Where is a PCR performed?

A

in a tube in a thermal cylinder in the lab

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4
Q

what components are needed for a PCR ?

A

original DNA (we want to copy) free floating nucleotides primer DNA polymerase

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5
Q

anology of original paper

A

original DNA (we want to copy)

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6
Q

anology of new paper and ink

A

free floating nucleotides

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7
Q

anology of bookmark

A

primer

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8
Q

anology of copying machine

A

DNA polymerase

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9
Q

what are the steps of PCR ?

A
  1. Denaturation 2. Hybridisation (or annealing) 3. Synthesis (or extension)
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10
Q

What is a primer for?

A
  1. it helps the polymerase to attach to the DNA ( a polymerase can attach to dsDNA only) 2. It marks the starting point of replication
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11
Q

why do we need two different primers?

A

we need a bookmark for start and stop (if not we would read forever ;)

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12
Q

Why perform a PCR ?

A

Copying DNA millionfold, so it gets visible to the human eye

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13
Q

how many DNA strands in a cell?

A

46 chromosomes = 46 double DNA strands

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14
Q

what is the aim of DNA-replication?

A

to create ONE identical copy of DNA

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15
Q

Helicase

A

unwinding & seperating the DNA-strands

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16
Q

DNA-Polymerase III

A

adding & binding nucleotides (continuous replication) -> nucleotides must be complementary

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17
Q

Primase

A

creates primers (so polymerase III can attach)

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18
Q

DNA-Polymerase III (2)

A

adding & binding nucleotides (discontinuous replication) -> formation of socalled OKAZAKI-fragments

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19
Q

Ligase

A

linking the OKAZAKI-fragements

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20
Q

nucleotide

A
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21
Q

hydrogen bonds

A
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22
Q

nitrogenous base

A
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23
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

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24
Q

what is the name of the sugar group?

A

(deoxy) ribose

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25
Base A and Nucleotide A
Adenine Adenosine
26
Base T and Nucleotide T
Thymine Thymidine
27
Base G and Nucleotide G
Guanine Guanosine
28
Base C and Nucleotide C
Cytosine Cytidine
29
which bases pair together?
A = T G (3) C
30
3 ways to copy DNA
* PCR * Transcription * Replication
31
what happens during PCT?
a fragment of the DNA is copied millionfolds
32
aim/result of PCR
millions of DNA fragments -\> make DNA visible to the human eye
33
what happens during Transcription?
copy of 1 gene -\> mRNA **Translation** -\> a protein product for the cell & the organism
34
what happens during replication?
copy the whole DNA 1x
35
aim/ result of DNA Replication
2 identical sets of DNA -\> cell replication
36
the organisation of DNA
* phosphate group * sugar group * nitrogenous base * nucleotide
37
DNA organisation: Back Bone
consist of * Phosphate group * sugar group
38
all enzymes for DNA-replication
* helicase * polymerase III (continous and discontinous replication) * primase * Ligase
39
definition of an enzyme
a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.
40
**Steps of PCR** function of 1. Denaturation
0°-\> 90° degrees spliting up DNA strand
41
Steps of PCR function of 2. Hybridisation
2 Primers attach to the DNA 70° degrees
42
Steps of PCR function of 3. Synthesis
polymerase can add and bind nucleotides
43
Gene structure and protein synthesis: exon
gene sequence containing information (which will be translated)
44
Gene structure and protein synthesis: T/A -rich region /enhancer
responsible for reading frequency how much?
45
Gene structure and protein synthesis: intron (red part of Gene structure)
sequence without information
46
Gene structure and protein synthesis: UTR: 3' or 5'
untranslated region
47
Gene structure and protein synthesis: splicing
removal of introns from the pre-RNA (remove th ered part) from pre-mRNA to mRNA
48
4 main differences between DNA and mRNA 1.
1. **length**: DNA: long strands 1000s of genes mRNA: short strands, copy of one gene
49
4 main differences between DNA and mRNA 2.
**2. Bases** DNA: G,C,A,**T** mRNA: G,C,A,**U** **in mRNA tymine is replaced by Uracil**
50
4 main differences between DNA and mRNA 3.
**3. Sugar** DNA: deoxyribo (oxygen lacking) mRNA: ribose
51
4 main differences between DNA and mRNA 4.
**4. Strands** DNA: double stranded (-\> stable, protected) mRNA: single stranded (-\> not very stable, want to read the information only _one way use, shortly used)_
52
From DNA to RNA ## Footnote **promoter**
specific nucleotide sequence of DNA, where RNA-polymerase binds and STARTS transcription
53
From DNA to RNA ## Footnote **termination signal**
specific nucleotide sequence of DNA, marking the END of a gene
54
From DNA to RNA ## Footnote **RNA-polymerase**
enzyme that creates an RNA-strand complementary to a DNA-strand
55
_3 types of RNA and their function_
1. messenger RNA (mRNA) 2. ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 3. transfer RNA (tRNA)
56
messenger RNA **(mRNA)**
copy of one gene, carrying the instructions of a protein
57
ribosomal RNA **(rRNA)**
part of the enzymatic complex responsible for producing proteins
58
transfer RNA **(tRNA)**
transfer amino acids in the cell
59
From DNA to RNA processes 1-3
1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination
60
From DNA to RNA 1. process
1. **Initiation** Polymerase attaches to promoter and unwinds the dsDNA
61
From DNA to RNA 2. process
2. **Elongation** the RNA-polymerase complements the DNA- sequence with RNA nucleotides and links them
62
From DNA to RNA 3. Process
3. **Termination** the newly formed RNA is released Polymerase detaches from the DNA-strand
63
_Recognition of a gene_ A gene has the following characteristics
1. direction 5'-\> 3' 2. start codon: ATG 3. reading in frame 4. stop codon: TAG, TGA,TAA
64

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